Gadget Toys Case Write-Up Essay

Gadget Toy Company is faced with a choice between two options to reduce project time for their new toy line. Gadget must cut down project time in order to meet their Christmas deadline that is 19 weeks away. Analysis shows that there are two critical paths for the current process, which is 20 weeks long and includes the following critical activities: obtain funding approval (A), finalize engineering (B), build dies/tools (D), raw material delivery (K), initial production run (L), ship product (M), train workers (F), and de-bug process (G). See figure below. Gadget’s first option is to reduce the amount of product advertising. Although this might reduce cost, advertising (J) is not a critical activity and won’t reduce the total project time. Beyond that, cutting six weeks of advertising – the maximum amount – will result in an estimated 30% decrease in sales. This is hardly worth the lower costs for a new product launch, and advertising is necessary if Gadg et wants the children’s toy line to be popular beyond the Christmas season. Gadget’s second option is to ask the production manager to work weekends for faster tool building (D). Although this would cost the company $5000, Gadget Toy Co. should accept the offer. Tool building is a critical activity and the bottleneck in the process flow. The next longest path in the process flow is 16 weeks, resulting in a slack time of four weeks. By accepting the offer from the tool builder the critical paths can be reduced to 18 weeks and the product can be launched within the 19-week deadline. Process Paths Before Decision: AHJM = 1 + 1 + 12 + 1 = 15 weeks AHIKLM = 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 10 weeks ABDKLM = 1 + 1 + 12 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 20 weeks (critical path) ABDFGLM = 1 + 1 + 12 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 20 weeks (critical path) ACEFGLM = 1 + 8 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 16 weeks Process Paths Before Decision: AHJM = 1 + 1 + 12 + 1 = 15 weeks AHIKLM = 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 10 weeks ABDKLM = 1 + 1 + 12 + 2 + 3 + 1 = 20 weeks (critical path) ABDFGLM = 1 + 1 + 12 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 20 weeks (critical path) ACEFGLM = 1 + 8 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 16 weeks Gadget Flow Chart Total Time to Delivery 18 WEEKS Total Time to Delivery 18 WEEKS Raw Material Delivery (K) 2 WEEKS Raw Material Delivery (K) 2 WEEKS Train Workers (F) 1 WEEK Train Workers (F) 1 WEEK De-Bug Process (G) 1 WEEK De-Bug Process (G) 1 WEEK Initial Production Run (L) 3 WEEKS Initial Production Run (L) 3 WEEKS Ship Product (M) 1 WEEK Ship Product (M) 1 WEEK Finalize Packaging and Artwork (I) 2 WEEKS Finalize Packaging and Artwork (I) 2 WEEKS Advertise (J) 12 WEEKS Advertise (J) 12 WEEKS Install Equipment (E) 1 WEEK Install Equipment (E) 1 WEEK Build Dies/Tools 10 WEEKS (D) BOTTLENECK Build Dies/Tools 10 WEEKS (D) BOTTLENECK Establish Advertising Plan 1 WEEK (H) Establish Advertising Plan 1 WEEK (H) Finalize Engineering (B) 1 WEEK Finalize Engineering (B) 1 WEEK Deliver New Equipment (C) 8 WEEKs Deliver New Equipment (C) 8 WEEKs Obtain Funding Approval (A) 1 WEEK Obtain Funding Approval (A) 1 WEEK After Decision

Margarine Tub Essay

Investigate how the mass will affect the distance travelled by a weighted margarine tub when it is propelled along a runway by a stretched rubber band Planning A Hypothesis I predict that as the mass of the margarine tub increases, the distance travelled by the tub will decrease. I think this because as the mass increases the surface friction will also increases; this increased friction will cause the object to slow down and stop quicker and therefore in a shorter distance. The formula for kinetic energy is: Kinetic energy = mass x velocity squared. When any mass is propelled along a runway, it travels a certain distance. When the mass is heavier then travels a shorter distance, and when it is lighter it travels a longer distance because of the forces acting on it. It will also travel a longer distance because of the increased momentum. I expect that the graph will not be a straight line because of the velocity squared part of the formula; this will vary the gradient of the line of best fit. The gradient will change because you are not multiplying the velocity by a constant, but by itself so the larger the velocity, the more the number will increase by when squared. This is why the gradient is steeper at the start of the graph. Variables Controlled variables: The controlled variables here are the length that the rubber band is stretched at, and the distance from the floor till the beginning of the runway. Independent variable: The independent variable here is the mass of the margarine tub because I want to see how the mass affects the distance traveled. Dependent variable: The dependent variable here is the distance travelled by the margarine tub. Expected results Mass (g) Distance travelled (cm) Â  15 Planning B Apparatus 1. One elastic band- to propel the object off. 2. A meter ruler- to measure the distance travelled. 3. A margarine tub. 4. Sand- to vary the mass of the object. 5. A stool- to hold the elastic band. 6. Scales- to measure the mass of the margarine tub. 7. A measurement sheet- to measure how far I pull back the elastic band. 8. A smooth surface- to carry out the experiment on. Method To investigate how mass affects the distance travelled by a projectile when propelled of an elastic band; I am going to experiment with a margarine tub filled with sand. I will vary the amount of sand I put in the tub to create different masses; I will use masses 50g to 500g, experimenting every 50g. I decided on this range because it will produce a large range of results which can be easily analyzed and plotted on a graph. I will stretch the elastic band around two of the legs of the stool; this will hold the elastic band taught, so I can propel the tub off of it. I will stand the stool on a large sheet of paper with centimetre measurements on it running in the direction of the elastic band; so I can measure, in centimetres how far I pull back the tub on the elastic band. I will measure from the base of the tub to make it more accurate. I will position the 0 end of the ruler at where I pull back the tub and elastic band on the measurement sheet, this way I will be measuring the complete distance travelled by the projectile. I will measure from the same end of the tub when I pull back the elastic band and when I measure how far it has travelled. I will measure to the nearest centimetre because it is the most appropriate degree of accuracy, and I will measure across with another ruler to make the measurement readings more accurate. I am using a measurement sheet rather than a Newton metre to measure how far back I pull the elastic band, because the Newton metre only went up to 10 Newton’s and this force didn’t pull back the elastic band far enough to propel the projectile a suitable distance to measure. This would make it hard for me to collect an appropriate range of accurate results. I need to make sure I don’t stretch the elastic band too much that I reach the elastic limit of the elastic band. If I do stretch the band beyond its elastic limit, as stated in Hooke’s Law, the elastic band will behave inelastically so it won’t return to its original shape. Data Collection Mass (g) Distance Travelled 1 (cm) Distance Travelled 2 (cm). Distance Travelled 3 (cm) Average (cm) The table above shows my results; I measured to the nearest half centimeter whilst I was collecting my results and worked out the average to the nearest millimetre. As you can see there is an anomaly, (81 cm for 50 grams) you can tell this is an anomaly because it is almost double of the other two experiments. This anomaly will make a difference to the average, so I will not include it in my final graph. Data Processing This graph shows my results and the anomaly, I plotted the points using the averages. The point at 50g is higher than it should be, so there must have been a factor which affected this result when I was doing my experiment. This graph does look similar to my expected graph that I explained, and this shows that my prediction was correct. I took out the anomaly from my table and then calculated the average of 50g using the first two results of the 50g experiment. I then plotted another graph, but this time without the anomaly: The trend in the graph shows that as the mass of the margarine tub increases, the distance travelled by the tub decreases. This is correct because as the mass increases the surface friction also increases; this increased friction causes the object to slow down and stop quicker and therefore in a shorter distance. Conclusion and Evaluation The formula for kinetic energy is: Kinetic energy = mass x velocity squared. As the kinetic energy is a constant, the line of best fit is not a straight line because of the velocity squared part of the formula; this will vary the gradient of the line of best fit. The gradient changes because you are not multiplying the velocity by a constant, but by itself so the larger the velocity, the more the number will increase by when squared. This is why the gradient is steeper at the start of the graph. The basic trend of the graph shows that the distance decreases, at a decreasing rate, as the mass increases. This is what I predicted would happen, and it was correct. I am pleased with my results and feel that they are as accurate as I could make them. I measured the distances to the nearest half centimetre because this was an appropriate degree of accuracy and made sure the ruler was in the correct position before taking each reading. If I did this experiment again, I would perhaps investigate more than one factor, and find out the effect they have on each other. For example I could investigate how far an object travels when propelled of an elastic band along an oiled or greased surface. Also I would investigate more weights so that my line of best fit is more accurate on my graph, I might also extend the range of weights to see if this made any difference. My percentage error was 14%, I worked this out using my expected table of values and my actual table of values, I used the formula Percentage error = (value – expected value / expected value) x 100. I had one anomaly whilst collecting my results, so there must have been a factor which affected this result when I was doing my experiment. This was probably a human error of misreading the length on the ruler; however it could have been any of the factors explained on the first page. Finally, I am pleased with my results and overall experiment and I feel I produced an accurate set of data.

AS Level Sociology - Culture and Identity Families and Households Essay

AS Level Sociology - Culture and Identity Families and Households Wealth, Poverty and Welfare - Essay Example However the connection of income to consumption is not wholly simple. The lower class will use up greater fractions of their income on needs and the elite on wants, but the lower class also give excessively to charitable and religious groups (Haworth 2004). The equivalent of the overwhelming selection of products and services introduced in the late twentieth century is the condition that for a significant percentage of consumers some part of their spending is ‘discretionary’ (Haworth 2004). This discretion entails not only brand preferences, or one clothing style or form of diet or residential architecture rather than another. It reaches the entire notion of ‘lifestyle’ (Haworth 2004). Several families will be penny-wise and prudent, saving for their future; others will adopt a lifestyle that exceeds their means. Several families will continue buying things such as summer homes, home workshops, automobiles, and swimming pools—and other will buy experi ences such as participation in sports, concerts, plays, or operas. Veblen’s notion of ‘conspicuous consumption’ is very accurate at the turn of the 21st century (Haworth 2004), but not limited anymore to the ‘leisure classes’. ... Among the most significant concepts for categorising social life are those that assign social statutes or positions, or socially acknowledged classifications of individuals that denote position in structured social activity or social character (Ellemers, Spears & Doosje 2002). Aside from characterising and positioning individuals in social conditions, social divisions communicate identity or behavioural expectations. The latter are named roles by sociological classical role theory, a tradition applied by identity theory in social psychology (Ellemers et al. 2002). Hence, when individuals use social divisions to identify and acknowledge one another in social circumstances, they bring in role expectations for the behaviour of each other; if they use positions submissively to identify and categorise themselves, they create role expectations or purposes for their personal behaviour (Cote & Levine 2002). Perceived as self-conceptualisations, these reflexively employed positional labels ar e the emphasis of identity theorists, in which they are called ‘identities’ or ‘role-identities’ (Cote & Levine 2002). The theory of social identity in social psychology raises a comparable identity construct, but underlines identities on the basis of wide-ranging social classifications such as social class, ethnic status, and sex, instead of those related to job-related and other roles in the society’s social structure (Ellemers et al. 2002). In Mead’s and symbolic interactionism’s cognitive tradition, identity theorists define identities as â€Å"cognitive responses to oneself [or other] as an object [of consciousness]† (ibid, p. 49). From

Business situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business situation - Essay Example s in this industries however for the past eighteen months the currency exchange rate for the company’s headquarters branch in Australia has experienced a steady reduction. This has come with a lot of implication on the price of production in Australia branch and thus the ability of the company to compete with emerging-market producers from Australia production facilities. This report aims clearly to define this problem or situation for the business and keenly analyze the situation to compare the implication from planning and organizing perspective. The report will then provide its recommendation in a form of a step-by-step action plan that the CEO of the company should take. The world market today is a global village (Cadle & Eva, 2014). This means every business in its planning today faces a lot of constraints that must be incorporated in these ventures. Some of these problem comes with differences in price of a currency of the mother firm’s country and those of other countries with it has business relations. Exchange rate is defined as the cost or worth of one currency as compared to other currencies (Cadle & Eva, 2014). This price can either rise or reduce depending on the prevailing economic atmosphere in the country. A fall or reduction in exchange rate in a country is mostly referred to as depreciation or devaluation depending on the kind of exchange rate system adopted by the country in which the business is established (Cadle & Eva, 2014). Reduction in currency exchange rate, therefore, makes the currency of the country in question lower in value as compared to currencies of other countries. A decrease in currency exchange rate, therefore , will mean that the county’s export becomes cheap in a global market as compared to imports of the same country from other countries (Cadle & Eva, 2014). Bronxe Yachtstm, a privately owned business, has in the recent past faced this interesting problem through their headquarters branch in Australia. The company

Winterbourne View Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Winterbourne View Hospital - Essay Example On 12th of May 2011, the South Gloucestershire Council got a forwarded letter, which was addressed to the Castlebeck Ltd. The letter had been originally delivered by means of hand to the Wiltshire County Council. The letter, which consisted of five pages and was updated, came from a certain BBC Panorama Programme’s producer (Department of Health 2012). It had allegations that some patients at the Winterbourne View Hospital were subjected to abuse, and this included the patients from Wiltshire, who was within the Winterbourne Hospital. Wiltshire County Council, upon the reception of the letter, forwarded it to the South Gloucestershire Council since Winterbourne was within the location of the council. The prime purpose of the forwarded letter to the Castlebeck Ltd was to illustrate defined examples to the company on how the patients were being subjected to systematic mistreatment by the staff. The main concerns of the letter was the staff’s abusive treatment of patients, the staff’s motivation in the utilization of illegal and dangerous methods of restraint, the pointless suffering of Winterbourne’s patients, the care philosophy abused by some members of staff, the practice of water-based method of punishment, and the professional boundaries transgression (Emerson, E., Robertson, J., Hatton, C., Knapp, M., Walsh, P. and Hallam, A. 2005). Therefore, following the Winterbourne case, the Mental Health Act and the Human Rights, in general, have a big part to play. The Mental Health Act of 1983 was subjected to an amendment in 2007 and is a law in Wales and England that allows for admission to hospital for individuals experiencing a mental disorder.  Ã‚  

Alison Bechdel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alison Bechdel - Essay Example The areas of focus are Alison Bechdel, her psychoanalysis ideals, fiction, comic, tale and abstraction. Introduction There remains a common perception among people that fiction has nothing to do about life’s reality. It has nothing to do about the truth, originality which lies with a person’s life (Bechdel). The comic of Alison Bechdel â€Å"are you my mother?† depicts another story. It tells that fiction do have some connection with a man’s life (Bechdel 1-5). The way the fiction gets formed does hold some colors of life of the person describing it in the fictional sense (Bechdel). Alison Bechdel who has come out as one of the popular comic writers in the cartoon comic industry is a woman of fiction bringing certain connections of her inner self and her life experiences in her abstraction. Bechdel’s writing is a demonstration which tells that fiction is a manifestation of life’s reality. It is the reflection of truth and situations which a p erson faces in his or her life periods (Bechdel 1-5). This report is going to assess the comic tale of Alison Bechdel, with an aim to find out that how fiction relates to reality (Martin). Themes here to analyze are psychoanalysis, psychodrama, fiction, comic tale and art respectively. Based on the derived thesis statement â€Å"fiction is an added color to life† and analyzing â€Å"Are you my Mother?† the report will draw certain findings, results and conclusion (Kothari). Method Adapted In cotemporary research studies, there are different methods being adapted to conduct the research. In the field of psychology, art and social sciences several authors have adapted the method of secondary research (Kothari). Secondary research is a research based on secondary sources (books, journals, news articles and periodicals), providing an explorative ground to the researcher to make the research apprehensive. In viewing the contemporary literature in arts and literature, the re searcher has adapted thematic secondary research method to analyze the Alison Bechdel’s art comic fiction effectively (Bechdel). This method adapted has made the researcher to explore several secondary sources, providing a closer and critical view on â€Å"Are you my Mother?† This method adapted will possibly lead to conclusive findings describing the comic drama in a more comprehensive way (Kothari 95). Results and Discussion The comic drama â€Å"Are you my Mother?† of Alison Bechdel opens up with the first chapter of the book in which Bechdel emphasizes on her inner eloquence that she had kept secret throughout her life’s journey (Garner 3-5). This was a book which Bechdel kept on emphasizing- an inner expression that had endured Bechdel from inside and throughout her life period (Luban 1-2). In the opening chapter when Bechdel was in conversation with her analyst, she expressed that her mother has been a looming psychic presence in her mind (Bechdel). She wanted to bring her out by writing a book which describes the story of her mother and the relationship with her as a growing daughter. Bechdel’s mother was like an ordinary mother as the comic drama explains but the relationship she kept with Bechdel was majorly different from her other children (Luban 2-3). The drama explains that when Bechdel was seven years old, her mother stopped kissing her to the good night bed. It was something disappointing for the child and definitely something which made Bechdel disturbed from inside. As â€Å"Are you my Mothe

Evaluation of a Business Code of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Evaluation of a Business Code of Ethics - Essay Example And to manufacture them in a socially responsible way† (IKEA Services, 2004). Locally and globally the company does not hesitate to declare its devotion to values like trust, integrity and honesty. Another plausible statement can be found in IKEA’s Code of Conduct, the IWAY Standard (IKEA Supply, 2008). It is firmly stated there that â€Å"we can do good business while being a good business†. Thus, within the business environment and activities of the company one can find ethical messages like â€Å"better living† and â€Å"socially responsible way† while in its ethical code (the IWAY) the message is about being and doing a good business. The IWAY is based on international conventions and declarations like the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the Fundamental Principles of Rights at Work, ILO declaration (1998), the Rio Declaration on Sustainable Development (1992) and the Ten Principles of the United Nations Global Compact (2000). Marcoux (2008) agrees that a â€Å"common approach in international business ethics is to refer to or to construct lists of norms that ought to guide transnational business conduct†. ... ) diversifies these principles by adding the features of a duty-driven ethical system to the code of ethics Following IKEA’s business operating network structure the IWAY is a Code of IKEA directly with its suppliers (contractors). It is about what a supplier should do in the right way. Suppliers are responsible for communicating the content of the IKEA code of conduct to sub-contractors and workers. Relations to applicable law and regulations are at the core center of the subject. Workers or as Ikea familiarly calls them â€Å"co-workers† and managers are not directly addressed. Trade unions are only mentioned, while nothing is related to civil groups and voluntary organization and to religious topics. The development of a company’s code of ethics can be motivated by the sole requirement of life and human experience or by personal moral values and national cultural traditions. Working in favor of social responsibility can be a basic value in the behavior of grou ps and individuals. Prior to the current state of affairs Friedman in his article â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits† (1970) rigorously raises a discussion on the topic of the "social responsibili ­ties of business". He argues that social responsibilities are of the individuals and not of the business. There he reminds about his book â€Å"Capitalism and Freedom† (1962), where the author postulates that "there is one and only one social responsibility of business–to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits". Amazingly contrasting to this position appear IKEA’s guiding principles for working in the interest of the child, the worker and the environment. Implementation of a Code of Conduct may be driven by international agreements and by

The structure of the suggested Central Bank for GCC Assignment

The structure of the suggested Central Bank for GCC - Assignment Example Additionally, the Gulf States generate wealth from their vast oil and gas resources that allows their economies to operate above unprecedented development. The empirical research in this study provides information that supports creation of a well-developed financial system. One of the issues captured in this report tends to answer the question on the better options that are required for economic growth within different regions. The GCC region supports bank-oriented financial system that is contrary to market-oriented financial systems supported by the United States and United Kingdom. According to Demirguc-Kunt and Ross (1999), the structure of financial system and overall level of development is crucial for establishment of suggested Central Bank for GCC. However, financial development majorly depends on legal and political institutions. Based on Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model, the study explores implication of structure and conduct on overall performance of suggested GCC financial institution. According to theory of Industrial Organization, structure refers to the extent of concentration of market shares within the market while conduct refers to general behavior of firms measured by efficiency and profitability (Demirguc-Kunt and Ross, 1999). The banking sector is considered one of the major conduit for economic activities within GCC region. Growth of GCC countries is dependent on critical valuation of the structure, conduct as well as performance of banking industry. Monetary union presents an important cornerstone of an economic union based on chosen political power. The structure of the GCC central bank should be based on sound technical basis and at the same time considered a strategic goal (Strum and Siegfried, 2005). A realistic step towards such a goal involves formation of monetary union that ultimately realigns different political systems. In the European case, monetary union was

The spread of English and the rise of new Englishes Essay

The spread of English and the rise of new Englishes - Essay Example While on the study of English, introspection on how English came into being can be elucidated here. The following figure throws light on the various cultures and sects that contributed to the development of English as we see today. The history of English is divided into three periods since its existence way back some 1000 BCE. Though it is difficult to establish the correct year, researchers have unanimously concluded that the three periods are referred to as Old English (or Anglo-Saxon), Middle English, and Modern English. The graph above shows that the earliest period is marked with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A.D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and continued till the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. Before the end of the eleventh century, Britain was also being influenced by Latin. Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066, had a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typified that the grammar of Old English had begun to break down (Merriam-Webster, 2007)2. We have see 2.0 Executive Summary We have seen that English is now a popular language spoken by natives of almost all nations around the globe. But, does English actually qualify to be the global language A headline in 'Globe and Mail' published in Toronto in 1997 read, "English is the global language". Though not much of ado, headlines of similar nature have appeared in thousands of newspapers and magazines across the globe in recent years. 'English Rules', a headline with a difference, showcases the popularity and strength of English in a world of uncanny universality of the language's spread and continuation. So what does it mean to say that a language is a global language Or why is English the language, usually cited in this connection If English did become the global language, will it remain omnipresent These and more questions lead researchers to question the theory, whether; English is in fact the first language of the world If English is one's mother tongue, one may have mixed feelings about the way English is spreading around the world. On the one hand, there is cause for pride, that English language has become ever so successful, but on the other, there could be consternation that the same language that was inherent as English, is being influenced by others, who borrow words from languages other than English to suit themselves (David Crystal, 2003, English as a Global Language)3. A lot of countries have their own native language or 'mother tongue', as it is popularly referred to as. If this is the case, which is true, how does English qualify to be declared the official global language There are two possibilities; one, English

Organizational Behavior in Best Buy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Behavior in Best Buy - Essay Example they operate the Geek Sqaud which is a customer service business where they assist their customers both bin the Best Buy stores and in customers’ homes. Future Shop and Best Buy are two brands of large, broad-based customer electronics stores they operate in Canada. They also serve their customers through four websites - BestBuy.com, FutureShop.ca, Magnoliaav.com and GeekSquad.com. Their corporate vision is to make life fun and easy. The company is strongly associated with technology as they think technology should serve people. Since its inception in 1966 the company has grown steadily through innovation. They have overcome numerous challenges on the way and grown stronger. With a customer centric approach the employees have been trained to respond to their unique needs and aspirations. Changes in organizational behavior have become essential to sustain the market forces and competition. Employees at Best Buy are stressed out and find it difficult to maintain work-life balance. Organizations are constantly being challenged to develop new dynamic, adaptable structures. This is what Best Buy (BB) was experiencing till they decided to bring about a drastic change in their corporate culture. Attrition rate had increased at Best Buy when the company decided to introduce the ROWE (results-only work environment) program (ICMR, 2007). The vision of the program was that productivity should be measured by output and not by the number of hours spent at work. Turnover has reduced following the implementation of the program (Business Week, 2006). Change management is difficult and BB too faced problems. Implementing ROWE required a complete overhaul of people’s attitude towards work. There was a lot of confusion in the beginning. To manage change motivation is the key to empower the staff and get the front line managers to take collectively responsibility (Landale, 2004). When BB implemented this, they gradually found that employee engagement, a measure of employee

Herman Harold Potok Essay Example for Free

Herman Harold Potok Essay Herman Harold Potok was born in the Bronx on the 17th of February in the year of 1929 (McCauley, 1E). It was later on in his life when he started using his Hebrew name, Chaim (McCauley, 1E). As a teenager, Chaim was drawn to the Conservative branch of Judaism, which caused problems in his family because both of his parents raised the family in Orthodox tradition (McCauley, 1E). All these problems in his life eventually inspired him to write one of his greatest books of all time, My Name is Asher Lev, in 1972 (McCauley, 1E). According to Chaim Potok, arts were seen as a distraction to the true purpose of Orthodox Jews. Their main purpose is to study the Torad and Talmud (McCauley, 1E). He went on to some religious and secular schools (Kremer, 202). He earned his B. A. summa cum laude in English literature from Yeshiva University in 1950 (Kremer, 202). He then went on to study at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America where he earned his M. H. L. degree, rabbinic ordination, the Homiletics Prize, the Hebrew Literature Prize, and the Bible prize in 1954 (Allen). And lastly in 1965, he received his Ph. D. in philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania (Allen). Chaim Potok was also a professor at Penn, Bryn Mawr, and at John Hopkins University from 1995 to 1998 (McCauley, 1E). And although Chaim Potok enjoyed teaching, his true passion was what he did best-writing novels. Over 34 years of his life, he wrote fourteen novels, four plays, and a few children’s books (McCauley, 1E). A novelist, Cynthia Ozick, stated â€Å"Chaim Potok wrote directly from the interior of the Jewish theological experience, rather than from the social experience. And they were best sellers. † Chaim Potok was a great universal writer who appealed to everyone. He lived in Pennsylvania with his wife of 44 years, Adena, and his three children, Rena, Naama, and Akiva until his passing on July 23, 2002 at the age of 73 due to brain cancer (Allen). One of Chaim Potok’s best sellers was his novel, Davita’s Harp. This novel is a story about a young girl, Ilana Davita Chandal, whose parents are involved with the Communist Party and keep up with the happenings of the Spanish Civil War (Potok). Her father, Michael Chandal, is a reporter for the local newspaper and gets sent to Spain to cover the war while Ilana and her mother, Anne Chandal, stay home and wish for the best outcome and his return (Potok). While over in Spain, a bomb goes off in the hotel where Michael Chandal is staying and he passes away (Potok). When Ilana and her mother were informed about Michael’s passing, they both handled it in different ways (Potok). Looking for answers, Ilana becomes interested with the Yiddish songs and saying Kaddish and starts to visit the synagogue even more often than before with her friend Ruthie Helfman and her cousin, David Dinn (Potok). Anne does not entirely agree with Ilana going to the synagogue all the time and so Ilana and Anne had many disagreements when Ilana wanted to start saying Kaddish for her deceased father, who was a Christian (Potok). Her mother then basically devoted her life to the Communist Party where she met and later got engaged to Charles Carter (Potok). Anne Chandal soon starts to question the Party she is in and leaves the Party (Potok). It was at this time when Charles Carter breaks off their engagement, which leaves Anne Chandal devastated and leads her to marry her cousin, Ezra Dinn (Potok). Jakob Daw, a long-term friend of Anne, and a close family friend whom Ilana calls â€Å"Uncle† Jakob, gets deported from the United States back to Europe where he dies shortly after (Potok). It was then that Anne Chandal decided to say Kaddish her dead friend, Jakob Daw (Potok). Time went by and Ilana continued to study Judaism and went to the Jewish junior high school where she graduated with honors. Ilana sometimes would lay on her bed and just day dream of her father and Uncle Jakob. She missed them very much, and eventually had to move on. Her mother becomes much happier after getting married to Ezra Dinn and going to the synagogue every Shabbos, the Sabbath Day. A little after Ilana’s graduation, her mother delivers a new baby girl whom they named Rachel. In this book, Chaim Potok uses the religion of Judaism to help mend Ilana Davita’s heart and structure her complicated life. Finding her culture in being Jewish and practicing Judaism was such an excitement to Ilana. She loved the Yiddish songs that her neighbors had always sung and was very curious to find out about the synagogue and the different practices that go along with Judaism. It was her religion of Judaism that truly gave her closure of losing her father due to the Spanish Civil War in Spain. In Davita’s Harp, Ilana Davita gradually becomes interested in her Jewish culture as more bad things in her life start to happen, like the death of her father and uncle Jakob. Ilana first started to wonder about Judaism when she had lived next door to her friend, cousin, and soon to be step-brother, David Dinn (Potok). She had heard David Dinn and his family singing songs in a different language; she did not know what they were but she wanted to find out. Then, after she moved into a new apartment, she met a little girl named Ruthie, who also sang these songs. Ilana would hear these songs being sung, and loved the melody and tune of the songs but could not understand them because they were in Yiddish. Yiddish is a German dialect that made its way to be a full language which had parts of Hebrew, Aramaic, Slavic, and Romance languages in it (Shyovitz). For almost a thousand years, Yiddish was known as the main and sometimes the only language that Jews spoke (Shyovitz). Yiddish, at one point in time was spoken by many Jews of different nationalities all around the world (Shyovitz). Around the twentieth century was when the Yiddish language stopped being a world-wide spoken language and began to be an exclusive language spoken only by very few, older Jews (Shyovitz). The decline in the speakers of the Yiddish language was due to the Holocaust that killed nearly six million European Jews. The ones that escaped being murdered during the Holocaust made their best efforts to learn the Yiddish language and make it their secondary language (Shyovitz). No one ever expected for Yiddish to become a dead language (Shyovitz). Every morning and every night, David Dinn and his father would get up extra early and head to the synagogue to say Kaddish. Upon seeing this day after day and night after night, Ilana Davita started to ask questions about where David Dinn and his father were going at such early times in the morning and what they were doing exactly. Her mother then explained to her that after someone in the family dies, the family goes every day continually for the next year to the synagogue to say Kaddish. Later in the story, Ilana’s father dies while being in Spain to report about the Spanish Civil War, and at this time her mother cannot get over the fact that he had really passed away, so her mother had spent more time away from home as possible (Potok). During all this time, Ilana decides to start going to the synagogue where she starts to say Kaddish. The type of Kaddish that David Dinn and his father are going to the synagogue to recite was called the Mourner’s Kaddish. The Mourner’s Kaddish was to be recited every day and night from the day of the death to the one year anniversary of the day of the death (Schoenberg). The reason for doing this every day and night is because it would stop the rush of everyday life before it began and right before it ended (Alexander, 420). A child under the age of thirteen may recite the Mourner’s Kaddish if one of their parents has died, and a girl is allowed to say it even though she is not required to do so (Schoenberg). Even though the words in the Kaddish have nothing to do with death, some say that it is a way of accepting the death than becoming bitter or angry with God for the death of their loved one (Schoenberg). According to Edward Alexander, the Kaddish stems from Psalms 113:2, which says â€Å"May the Name of the Lord be praised from now and forever. † The mourner’s Kaddish only applies to certain relatives like a mother, a father, a sister, a brother, a spouse, or a child (Alexander, 420). It is said that when a child says the mourner’s Kaddish for his parent that he is redeeming them from hell. The word Kaddish actually means sanctification and the prayer of Kaddish is the sanctification of God’s name (Schoenberg). So, what people are doing while they say Kaddish is sanctifying God’s name instead of being mad at Him and insulting Him for taking away their loved one. According to Tracey R. Rich, Jews believe that there is not a set of standards or beliefs that one needs to have in order to be a Jew, but they do believe that actions are more important than beliefs anyway (Rich). Judaism’s main focus is the relationships between God and many different groups including the Jews, human beings, mankind, and the law of Israel (Rich). The Jews have an ideal list of what every person practicing Judaism believes (Rich). This list contains things which make up a Jewish person’s religion of Judaism (Rich). Some of these things on this list include: 1) God exists; 2) God is One; 3) God is the Creator of everything; 4) God is omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient; 5) the Torah (the first five books of the Bible) were given to Moses as a guide; 6) God knows the thoughts and deeds of men; 7) God will reward the good and punish the wicked; 8) the Messiah will come; and 9) the dead will be resurrected (Rich). There were a few, but important things that drastically make the Jewish religion different than Christianity. This is why it was so bizarre when Ilana Davita thought she could say Kaddish for her Christian father. This is also the reason why Ilana’s mom and she bumped heads about saying Kaddish and also why the church had looked at her funny when she had started to stand up in the synagogue and recite Kaddish with the men. Usually women would not recite it, and Ilana knew that, but did not care at the time. Jews mainly believe everything that Christians believe except that Jews do not believe in the Trinity, like Christians do. Jews believe that God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit are three different persons. Another main point that Jews believe is that there is no original sin. Jews believe that everyone is born with all purity because if Adam and Ever had to eat from the Tree of Good and Evil to become immortal, then they were born mortal (Judia). Jews believe that death is just a natural part of human existence and we do not die just because of Adam and Eve’s sin (Judia). Although the Jews had some different points than Christianity did, as Ilana’s aunt showed her, Ilana chose comfort in the Jewish religion. Ilana Davita’s main reason for switching to being Jewish was due to her mother’s negligence to her after they both had lost a member of their family. Anne Chandal was extremely hurt and basically tried her best to avoid anything that reminded her of her husband, which led her to stay away from home more. This constant loneliness made Ilana Davita find something that would comfort her. And in this case, it was the religion of Judaism. It was her culture and origin, so she felt as if that is what she was supposed to be doing with her life. It was what her friends practiced and what her mom used to practice. Soon after Ilana’s devotion to the synagogue and Jakob Daw’s passing, Anne Chandal joined her daughter, Ilana Davita, when she went to the synagogue. After Anne Chandal starts remolding her life with her daughter, one could tell that Ilana seems happier to have her mother back in her life, although she never really understood her and most everything that she said. But she looked up to her mother and was delighted when their relationship started to go back to normal, or even better than normal.

Plagiarism Essay Example for Free

Plagiarism Essay Plagiarism has become an increasing concern with the internet age. Many students are cutting and pasting information from the internet into personal papers without proper citations and using the information as their own. Many services such as Turnitin help educators determine the levels of plagiarism in papers and therefore how much authentic information is being submitted. If students are plagiarizing work, the education is undermined and schools are unable to guarantee the quality of education students are receiving. Plagiarism is â€Å". . . the act of passing off as one’s own the ideas or writing of another (Georgetown University 2006). † Many students will use someone else’s written idea, but change the words around to be their own. This is plagiarism and credit should be given to the person who had the idea first. Although plagiarism can be found in many forms, written plagiarism is the most prevalent. The internet has allowed students access to a much larger database of written works. Unfortunately, many students are becoming lazy and using other people’s written works as their own. Services such as Turnitin have been developed to help combat plagiarism. Turnitin is software that accepts written assignments from students; runs the papers through databases looking for sentence or phrase matches; and gives the instructor a similarity index for each submission (MacMillan 2007). Other websites such as plagiarism. org and iThenticate are also based on the same premise as Turnitin and provide information on how to combat plagiarism. Plagiarism is a rising problem in today’s education that will require centered attention. Services such as Turnitin and iThenticate have proved important tools for educators, but many questions remain about the effectiveness of these services. Similarity indexes have appeared that are not accurate on some papers submitted. Overall, the services are the best tools to date to combat plagiarism, but will need updating as time goes on for complete accuracy.

Underage Binge Drinking In UK Health And Social Care Essay

Underage Binge Drinking In UK Health And Social Care Essay The purpose of this study is for the writer to explore the government strategies in combating the rising rates of underage binge drinking in the UK. The writer will approach this topic by briefly examining the prevalence, determinants, and effects of underage binge drinking. The writer will also critically analyse gaps in government strategies in tackling underage drinking and subsequently formulate a policy intervention that would address the gaps highlighted. Ethical consideration of the policy intervention will also be explored, and subsequently reflection and conclusion will close the study. There is no universal definition of binge drinking, but it is often described as a pattern of excessive intake of alcohol over a short period of time (Home Office Findings (HOFs), 2005). Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (POST) (2005) expands this definition further as such behaviour that leads to a rapid increase in blood alcohol concentration and consequently to drunkenness. However, the writer believes that binge drinking occurs when people have no limit of their alcohol intake within a short period resulting in exposing themselves or/and other people to risk. Underage binge drinking continues to increase in the UK, although the number of young people aged 11 to 15 who drink alcohol has fallen since 2001 (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2007). However, those that drink alcohol continue to drink more and more often (HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007). According to HOFs (2006), the nature of offences among aged 10 to 17 during or after drinking was associated with frequency of drinking. Those that drink once a week or more reported getting involved in arguments (48%), fights (19%) and criminal damage offences (12%) during or after drinking compared to those that drink between one and three times a month (16%, 6% and 4% respectively). Another study undertaken by The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) has examined drinking among representative samples of aged 15 and 16 in the UK. In 2003 study, UK was ranked as the third most teenage binge drinkers out of 35 European countries (Hibel l et al., 2004). There are some effects of teenage binge drinking, and one of this is medical effect. Binge drinking causes brain damage that destroys the brain cells and evidence suggests that adolescent binge drinkers are likely to experience impaired memory and reasoning skills (Institute of Alcohol Studies (IAS), 2007). Alcohol poisoning is another common medical condition among young binge drinkers. The risk of cardiovascular, hypertension, strokes, heart diseases, psychological problems, breast and oral cancers are later effects of teenage drinking on adulthood (IAS, 2007). One of the economic implications of binge drinking is the cost to the NHS, it is estimated that the cost of alcohol harm to the NHS in England is  £2.7 billion (2006/07) as compared to  £1.7 billion in 2001/02 prices (The Health and Social Care Information Centre (THSCIC), 2009). Other effects of underage binge drinking result in alcohol related accidents. For example, in 2007, 6,541 deaths in England were directly related to alcohol consumption and this has increased by 19% between 2001 and 2007 (THSCIC, 2009). Also, binge drinking results in unsafe behaviour such as sexual activities and other illicit drug use, which is more prominent with young binge drinkers (IAS, 2007). DETERMINANTS OF UNDERAGE BINGE DRINKING Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) (see appendix) formulated a useful framework to intensively explore the determinants of health. It is argued that public health is not mainly the absence of diseases (World Health Organisation (WHO), 1948) but to promote ways of prolonging peoples lives (Acheson, 1988) through the complex interactions between social and economic factors, the physical environment and individual behaviour as well as fixed factors such as age, sex and hereditary. The peak of teenage binge drinking age seems to occur around aged 15 and above. HOFs (2006) reported that children aged 16 to 17 reported having had alcoholic drink in the previous 12 months. This report shows the highest alcohol consumption (88%) between the age bracket as compared to children aged 10 to 13 that have the lowest (29%). Conversely, children aged 15 to 16 were used in ESPADs study, which shows high rate of underage binge drinking in the UK among these age bracket (Hibell et al., 2004). HOFs (2005) reported that young males are likely to binge drink (49%) than young females (39%). However, Hibell et al. (2004) argued that UK drinking culture seems to be shifting from young males consuming alcohol far more than young females because figures show that in the UK, Ireland and Isle of Man, teenage girls are more likely than teenage boys to have consumed alcohol in binges (Velleman, 2009). Griffith (2000) suggested that drinking has been reported as being part of British drinking culture for generations. Plant and plant (2006) argued that most people in the UK drink alcoholic beverages and the negative effects of this drinking are clearly a big problem. The drinking patterns are highly influenced by national culture (Velleman, 2009). For example, in Mediterranean culture, young people are most likely to drink and drink more often and never caused public drunkenness (Velleman, 2009) whereas in northern European, drinking is characterised by excessive drinking but less frequent and heavier when it does occur (IAS, 2007). Parental influence was critically explored by Velleman et al. (2005) of which family structure was one of the areas where families can influence their minors substance use behaviour. Hellandsjo Bu et al. (2002) stated that children drinking at a younger age from single-parent families have limited family support. Steinberg et al. (1994) argued that non-separated parents who expect a lot from their children and provide a sense of self-efficacy tend to have children who are less likely to be misusing alcohol. Environmental factor such as advertisement (direct and indirect) is another factor influencing underage binge drinking. Anderson Baumberg (2006) and Hastings (2007) have suggested in their review that alcohol advertising and marketing are significant factors in the rise in alcohol consumption by young people. In contrast, alcohol and advertising industries argued that as the alcoholic drink is a legal product it should be legally possible for it to be advertised (IAS, 2008). Other determinants are the influence of peer pressure (Velleman, 2009) and socio-economic factors (Measham, 1996) as well as individual factors (Ryan, 2005 In IAS, 2007) such as impulsive personality traits, living away from home and to greater affluence, and increase in binge drinking for those who have weak health beliefs. CURRENT GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND BINGE DRINKING The four countries that constitute UK responded to ways in which rising rate of binge drinking could be controlled. In England, government published a policy document in 2004 on Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England (Cabinet Office Prime Ministers Strategy Unit, 2004). This strategy sets out to address better education and communication to achieve a long term change in attitudes to irresponsible drinking. It also focuses on better health and treatment systems to improve early identification and treatment of alcohol problems as well as to combat alcohol related crime and working with the alcohol industry to build on the good practice of existing initiatives and develop new ones. Finally, the new licensing law that allows 24 hour access to alcohol was introduced by the government in November 2005 (Department for Culture, Media Sport, 2005). The government measure to tackle binge drinking focuses on harm minimisation but failed to address the availability of alcohol through its 24 hour licensing law and affordability (POST, 2005). The current licensing law according to the government tends to reduce the practice of hoarding alcohol just before the closing hours and also reducing the numbers of people rushing into the street to purchase alcohol. The Royal College of Physician (RCP) strongly disagreed with government policy on its 24 hour licensing law. It was suggested that this will increase the overall consumption of alcohol and will have public health implications (POST, 2005). Government argued that its alcohol licensing law will reduce crime and anti-social behaviour and encourage a change in UK drinking culture (POST, 2005). Following the evidence presented above about the consequence of binge drinking in the UK, it is clear that more reliable and evidence based solutions need to be put in place because the governme nt is hoping to curb alcohol related crime rather than putting strategy that would curb the overall consumption of alcohol in order to safeguard the health of the people in general. The government policy on alcohol seems to contradict the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (OCHP) which suggests that all public policies should be examined for its impact on health (WHO, 1986) which seems to have been overlooked by the government. Furthermore, the numbers of people experiencing alcohol related harm continue to increase in the UK. For example, the numbers of people dieing from alcoholic liver diseases are increasing in England and Wales (HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007). The writer feels that if the strategy to curb the overall consumption of alcohol could be put in place, it will surely promote what the government is hoping to achieve. People should be entitled to good health and what binge drinking is causing in the UK is contradicting what a good health should be. WHO (1948) defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being but not necessarily absence of disease. Alma-Ata declaration argued that people should have access to healthcare at a cost that is affordable and people becoming the ownership of their care (WHO, 1978). It also argued that health should be a fundamental human right and not a privilege. The governments strategy on binge drinking seems to lack public health bene fits as it contradicts Alma-Ata declaration of what a good health should be for the people. POLICY INTERVENTION According to Stevenson et al. (2002, p.533) policy is a course of action adopted or proposed by an organization or person. However, the writer argued that a policy is a set of rule or guideline that is specifically drafted for a particular purpose for an individual, organisation or country to follow. The writer will therefore focus on strengthening the current government strategy as this strategy appears not to be combating teenage binge drinking in the UK. The writer aims to propose a policy to reduce 24 hours access to alcohol (licensing law) to a restricted time scale and to increase alcohol taxes as ways of managing the availability of alcohol and to reduce early alcohol drinking. These ideas are well supported by RCP, British Medical Association, and Academy of Medical Sciences (POST, 2005). Currently in the UK, the legal drinking age is 18 years (Office of communications, 2004) and the writer is proposing that the age should be increased to 21 in order to reduce teenage drinking at early age and its associated harm. There has been a debate in the Australian media suggesting increasing the legal age of alcohol consumption from 18 to 21 years (Toumbourou, et al. 2008). Several studies conducted in the past suggested that raising the age would reduce adolescents access to alcohol and subsequent associated harms (Grube, 1997; Ludbrook et al., 2002). Lowering the legal drinking age from 20 to 18 in New Zealand is reported to have resulted in a sharp increase in teenage and adults binge drinking (Everitt Jones, 2002). The writer feels that if this approach is embraced, it will restrict access to alcohol among aged 18 to 21 which will partly reduce rate of drinking. However, this action on its own will not resolve the binge drinking and all its associated harm. NICE (2007) produces public health guidelines on sensible alcohol consumption for use in primary and secondary schools in order to tackle the drinking problem among the young people. The policy also sets to provide support for alcohol drinking parents. It appears that government is trying their best to curb the rising rate of underage drinking in the UK. However, the writer feels that sophisticated alcohol awareness programmes should be made available to the parents through their General Practitioners (GPs). There is no routine on alcohol awareness programme for the parents through their GPs and what appears to be available through the GP is to offer support when alcohol is becoming or had become a problem. There is a need for routine based alcohol awareness for the drinking parents in all the GP surgeries. This idea is well supported by OCHP which focuses on helping people develop their skills in order to be in control of their lives and have more power in decisions that affect them (WHO, 1986). In doing this, parents will be able to give advise on alcohol drinking as they will lead by example by not drinking or stocking alcohol beverages in the house. Evidence shows that parents are likely to influence their children through their drinking behaviour (Bandura 1977, In Velleman, 2009). The writer is also proposing that all alcohol related adverts (direct or indirect) should be ban in the UK because a recent review of seven international research studies revealed that there is a correlation between prior alcohol advertising and marketing exposure and subsequent alcohol drinking behaviour in young people (Smith Foxcroft, 2007). Taking actions on alcohol advertisement in order to safeguard the future of minors are well supported by WHOs European Charter on alcohol. It addresses the European countries to take action on alcohol advertisement of which banning was part of the recommendations that were highlighted (IAS, 2008). However, the writer is aware that this approach might not be in favour of the UK economy because alcohol investors may leave or not invest in such country where promotion of their alcohol product can not be advertised. The writer believes that overall health of the people should outweigh such economic problem. Lastly, the writer is proposing that a measure such as introducing a national identity card for its citizens with a view that this card will be used at the point of alcohol purchase in order to keep a record of government recommended (THSCIC, 2009) daily alcohol intake (3-4 and 2-3 units for men and women respectively) for an individual who uses his/her card. This proposal will be monitored in relation to daily alcohol intake should people start to hoard alcohol. This proposal will also limit alcohol access to the minors as evidence suggests they still have access to alcohol despite government policy (HOFs, 2006). ETHICAL CONSIDERATION This study considers the four widely accepted ethical principles (Beauchamp Childress, 1995) which are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice. This study will encourage the underage people to make choices based on the information provided. The right information will be passed to them and will be allowed to make their informed decisions. The study is also constructed in a way that is beneficial to underage people, family and society at large. The confidentiality and respect of the people will be maintained. Lastly, the writer will ensure that people are treated fairly and the resources will be shared equally among those that need support. REFLECTION My understanding of public health and application of theory into practice has developed to a considerable level during the course of this study. This study seems to be complex and requiring in-depth knowledge and understanding of public health practice. With adequate human and material resources obtained, I was able to uncover difficulties that were initially evident. This study has given credence to the gaps that sometimes occur in government strategy to combat a problem. I am aware that for an issue such as underage binge drinking to be revisited on the public agenda, there may be a need to advocate and mediate between different interests for the pursuit of health of the people in the society. Such way is achieved through media, advertising to raise public awareness, personal appeals by public officials and celebrities and many other approaches (Pencheon et al., 2006). Although this is not a guarantee that such issues will gain public agenda but it is suggested that public opinion has its greatest impact on government decision-making when people feel strongly and clearly about a problem (Pencheon et al., 2006). CONCLUSION This study has attempted to explore the rising rate of underage binge drinking by critically appraising the government measures in tackling the problem, with raised and explored policy interventions in order to address gaps in government strategy. It is hoped that the policy interventions would address the overall alcohol consumption rather than targeting only the alcohol binge drinkers. REFERENCES Acheson, D. (1988). Public Health in England. London: HMSO. Anderson, P. Baumberg, B. (2006) Alcohol in Europe, a public health perspective: A report for the European Commission. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies Bandura, A. (1977). Cited In: Velleman, R. ed. Influence on how children and young people learn about and behave towards alcohol. A review of the literature for the literature for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (part one). York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [Online]. Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: http://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12563/1/JRF_children-alcohol-use-partone_2009.pdf Beauchamp, T. L. Childress, J. F. (1995). Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cabinet Office Prime Ministers Strategy (2004). The Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England. London: Cabinet Office. Dahlgren, G Whitehead, M (1991). Policies and strategies to promote social equity in health (mimeo). Stockholm: Institute for Future Studies. Department for Culture, Media Sport (2005) New Licensing Laws Come into Effect at Midnight Tonight. [Online]. Retrieved on 26th January 2010 from: http://www.culture.gov.uk/reference_library/media_releases/3023.aspx Everitt, R. Jones, P. (2002). Changing the minimum legal drinking age.its effect on a central city emergency department. New Zealand Medical Journal 115 (25), pp. 9-11 Grube, J. (1997). Preventing sales of alcohol to minors. Results from a community trial. Addiction 92 (2), pp.251-260. Hastings, G. (2007) Social marketing.why should the devil have all the best tunes? London: Butterworth-Heinemann Hellandsjo Bu, E. T., Watten, R. G., Foxcroft, D. R., Ingebrigtsen, J. E. Relling, G. (2002). Teenage alcohol and intoxication debut: the impact of family socialization factors, living area and participation in organized sports. Alcohol and Alcoholism 37, pp.74-80 Hibell, B., Andersson, B., Bjarnason, T., Ahlstrom, S., Balakireva, O., Kokkevi, A. and Morgan, M. (2004). The ESPAD Report 2003. Alcohol and other Drug use among Students in 35 European Countries. Stockholm: Swidish Council for Information on Alcohol and other Drugs. [Online]. Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: http://www.sedqa.gov.mt/pdf/information/reports_intl_espad2003.pdf HM Government (2007). Cited In: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. ed. Interventions in schools to prevent and reduce alcohol use among children and young people. [Online]. Retrived on 20th December 2009 from: http://www.nice.org.uk/PH007 Home Office Findings (2005). Findings from the 2003 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. alcohol-related crime and disorder. [Online]. Retrieved on 15th December 2009 from: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/r261.pdf Home Office Findings (2006) Underage drinking: findings from the 2004 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. [Online]. Retrieved on 15th December 2009 from: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs06/r277.pdf Institute of Alcohol Studies (2007). Binge Drinking. Medical and Social Consequences. [Online]. Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: http://www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/binge_drinkingmed.pdf Institute of Alcohol Studies (2008). Alcohol Advertising. IAS Factsheet. [Online]. Retrieved on 13th January 2010 from: http://www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/advertising.pdf Ludbrook, A., Godfrey, C., Wyness, L., Parrot, S., Haw, S., Napper, M. Teijlingen, V. (2002). Effective and cost effective measures to reduce alcohol misuse in Scotland. A literature review. Scotland: University of York. [Online]. Retrieved on 20th January 2010 from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/health/alcoholproblems/docs/lire-00.asp Measham, F. (1996). The big bang approach to sessional drinking. changing patterns of alcohol consumption among young people in North West England. Addiction Research 4(3), pp.283-299 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (2007) Interventions in schools to prevent and reduce alcohol use among children and young people. [Online]. Retrieved on 20th December 2009 from: http://www.nice.org.uk/PH007 Office of Communications (2004). Final revised alcohol advertising rules. London: Ofcom. [Online]. Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/consult/condocs/AlcAds/decision/rules.pdf Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2005) Postnote. Binge Drinking and Public Health. [Online]. Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from: http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/postpn244.pdf Pencheon, D., Guest, C., Melzer, D. Gray, J. A. M. (eds.). (2006). Oxford Handbook of Public Health Practice. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press. Plant, M. Plant, M. (2006). Binge Britain. Alcohol and the National Response. New York: Oxford University Press. Ryan, F. (2005). Cited In: Institute of Alcohol Studies. ed. Binge Drinking Nature, Prevalence and Causes. [Online]. Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: http://www.ias.org.uk/resources/factsheets/binge_drinking.pdf Smith, L. A Foxcroft, D. R. (2007). The effect of alcohol advertising and marketing on drinking behaviour in young people. A systematic review. London: Alcohol Education and Research Council. [Online]. Retrieved on 10th January 2010 from: http://www.aerc.org.uk/documents/pdfs/finalReports/AERC_FinalReport_0040.pdf Steinberg, L., Fletcher, A. Darling, N. (1994). Parental monitoring and peer influences on adolescent substance use. Pediatrics 93(6 pt 2), 1060-1064 Stevenson, A. (ed.), Elliott, J. (ed.), Jones, R. (ed.). (2002). 2nd ed. Colour Oxford English Dictionary. 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Drug Alcohol Review 24, pp.93-109 World Health Organisation (1948). WHO definition for health. [Online]. Retrieved on 10th January 2010. http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html World Health Organisation (1978). Alma-Ata declaration. [Online]. Retrieved on 11th November 2009 from: http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/declaration_almaata.pdf World Health Organisation (1986). The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. [Online]. Retrieved on 11th November 2009 from: http://www.who.int/hpr/NPH/docs/ottawa_charter_hp.pdf

Becoming An Educator :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

Becoming An Educator Waking up every morning, excited, motivated and ready to go to school. This is how I felt as a child and now how I want to make other children feel. When I attended school all children loved to be there, but in today's society that isn't the case. So many of the rules in school today have changed. So many issues have arose in today's society like war and violence that students are scared to be at school where they feel unsafe but I , as a future educator would like to change children's outlooks on school. There are many reasons for public schools. The rules however changed tremendously. When you walk into a kindergarten classroom today you see students learning their alphabet, their numbers, playing with others, and coloring pretty pictures. This is what education should consist of. Even though everyone bases everything around learning, it has to include fun to catch the students' attention. Education is so important because without an education you can't proceed in everyday life. When you're young, education is fun and then things get somewhat more difficult as you continue on throughout college. You wonder, is it really worth it, doing all this work just to make a living? Yes it is because if doing all this work can lead you to doing something you love then every minute is worth it. When I walk into a classroom I look at every student and set goals for myself and hope that everyday when I leave that classroom I have taught someone something new that they didn't know before they met me. As a teacher I hope to accomplish achievement in my classroom. I will only set my standards at a high level because that is how I was taught when I was a child, I will not push my students to do more then they think they can. I always remember having a teacher walk into your classroom the first day of school and saying, "I want to be just like that when I grow up." I hope my students can look at me and say that and I also hope they learn something they didn't know before. In my classroom I want my students to enjoy themselves but at the same time I want them to walk out of my classroom with a new perspective.

Agamemnon a Tragedy by Aeschylus Essay -- polytheistic ideas, grecians,

Aeschylus’ well-known tragedy of Agamemnon allows one to closely look at the treasured polytheistic religious ideas of Ancient Greece and how the Grecians relied heavily on the thought of free will versus fate determined by their gods. With the play being set and written in Greece, the polytheistic lifestyle is apparent and unabashed as the culture of the time would have seen the play to be easily believable; the entire audience would have been familiar with the various gods and goddesses as well as being familiar with the situation that begins the play: the Trojan War. Aeschylus was also able to reveal the Grecian mindset of morality, revenge, and justice through the characters’ actions and dialogue; the idea of jealousy and revenge is particularly notable was it was common for one generation of a family to take revenge for a wrong done to them in a previous generation (Constantakis), such as Aegisthus as he seeks revenge for his father through the act of murdering Aga memnon. The Trojan War is now seen by some as a war that never truly took place, but those sitting and watching the play unfold would have seen the chaos and imagery of the battles told by Aeschylus as brutally truthful and real. The bloody war was fought over Helen who was taken by Paris to his homeland of Troy to be his bride; however, she was already married to Menelaus, Agamemnon’s brother. The war ends as Troy falls and that is where Agamemnon begins as news breaks of the victory and all seems to be well as there is now peace. The triumph only allows for devotion to the gods to be shown as Clytemnestra, Agamemnon’s wife and future murderer, immediately kindles alters for worship and proclaims that the gods themselves have sent the sign of good news starting ... ...shers, 2002. Print. Brunel, Pierre, ed. Trans. Wendy Allatson, Judith Hayward, Trista Selous. Companion to Literary Myths, Heroes, and Archetypes. New York: Routledge, 1996. Print. Bullfinch, Thomas. Bullfinch’s Mythology. New York: Modern Library Paperback Edition, 2004. Print. Constantakis, Sara, ed. Drama for Students: Volume 26 – Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Dramas. New York: Gale, Cengage Learning, 2009. Print. Hamilton, Edith. The Greek Way. New York: The Norton Library, 1930. Print. Hamilton, Edith. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1942. Print. Liston, Robert A. Who Stole the Sunset? New York: Thomas Nelson, Inc., 1974. Print. Shipley, Joseph T. The Crown Guide to the World’s Great Plays from Ancient Greece to Modern Times. New York; Crown Publishers, Inc., 1984. Print.

Essay --

Prioritizing care is one of the first things that nurses learn in their career. Prioritizing requires critical thinking whether it comes to discharging a patient, caring for a patient, or delegating a task to a LPN or CNA. As the charge nurse they must look at the whole picture and not just the tasks that need to be done. The charge nurse is the one makes the assignments for the individual nurses, so if there happens to be a float nurse from a different department they might give them the patients with the lowest acuity depending on the nurse’s experience. The charge nurse must know which patients could be discharged if there was an emergency to arise or not enough hospital beds for those patients who need to be admitted. For example, the nurse is not going to recommend someone who came in with a heart attack; they would most likely recommend someone who is two days post op and is being discharged to a rehab facility in a couple of days. It is the charge nurses duty to make t hat everyone providing great and safe care to the patient. Prioritization is to make sure that the patient receives safe and quality care. A nurse would prioritize care of a patient based on their individual needs. The nurse uses critical thinking to determine what issues need to be addressed first, such as assessing the patients respirations, circulation, neurosensory, food and fluid intake, bowel and bladder eliminations, comfort, rest, sleep, safety, activity, hygiene, significant relationships, ego, integrity and sexuality. The first level of prioritizing to makes sure that the patient’s ABC’s are not compromised. ABC’s refer to airway, breathing, and circulation. The nurse is going to take care of a patient who is having trouble breathing or does not... ...ing student would take the patient to the bathroom, while they are in there get pain meds for my other patient, get the first patient back to bed, check in on the patient that is doing well and let them know I would be back with their meds shortly, go talk to family, and then do the discharge. Its basic and one piece could turn around that whole scenario. With prioritization this can also help the nurse save time, because then one knows how much time is needed for each task that needs to be done. In conclusion prioritizing in nursing is important to insure the patient safety, by ensuring their safety, they are not only ensuring proper care, they are making sure that everything following their care is done properly and that the right tasks are being delegated to the proper person, so proper care is given at proper time and they are always acting as patient advocate

The structure of the play Blood Brothers

At the start of the play , w see the end of the play , a flash back, although at this point we do not know its the end , all we see is 2 men dead on the floor and a very mysterious and creepy music can be heard , leaving the audience wondering what is going on. Then we learn of what is going on as the narrator recites a passage that we here a few times in the play â€Å"As like each other as two new pins, of one womb born on the self same day, how one was kept and one given away? An did you never hear how the Johnston's died, never knowing that they shared one name till the day they died, when a mother cried, my own dear sons lie slain† this passage tells the audience what's happening and gives away the plot, but it doesn't ruin it for the audience as there is still information they do not know for example, how did they die? Why did they not know they were brothers? And lots more questions, causing them to be more indulged in the play. Complication The complication in the play is when Mrs. Johnstone is forced to give up one of her sons to Mrs. Lyons to avoid losing them both to social services or going into so much debt that she just couldn't look after them. If this part of the play didn't happen, there really would be no play as it would mean Eddie and Mickey wouldn't have to meet and they would never become blood brothers, Eddie wouldn't go to university because he wouldn't of been able to afford it and Eddie wouldn't of had the good job and been able to give Linda money later on in the play and give Mickey a job. Rising action Other small complications in the play that are added in to make it more interesting and add more action are important to the play also. The love triangle between Mickey, Eddie and Linda, without this part of the play Linda wouldn't have cheated on Mickey causing Mickey to get jealous and seek out Eddie to kill him at the end of the play. But another complication which was vital and the reason that Linda cheated was Sammie shooting the man and Mickey going to prison for it , if this didn't happen Mickey wouldn't of got depressed had to take his Tablets , he wouldn't of slowly pushed Linda away, and as I said , Linda wouldn't have cheated. Climax The climax of the play is obviously the end sequence which starts with Mrs Lyons who at this point in the play has become a paranoid wreck showing/telling Mickey that Edward and Linda are together, This is a catalyst for the ending everything in the play after this point speeds up (the music, the speech the movement) Mickey is outraged by what he now knows about his wife and Ex best friend so he runs home finds the gun that Sammie used to shoot the man earlier in the play and goes in search of Eddie , during this he the female characters realise what's about to happen and emotions hit there peaks â€Å"he's †¦. Mickey†¦. Mickey's got a gun† (Mrs. J) (p97) the tension and speed increases more and more as we get closer to the end. Shouting and screaming increases the tension, Mickey reminds the audience of what has happened throughout the play â€Å"FREINDS! I could kill you. We were Friends weren't we? Blood brothers, wasn't it? Remember?† then it finally hits the peak when Mrs Johnstone tells them there brothers and they both are shot, Mickey by the police officer then Edward by Mickey. Solution The solution, although sad is the two twins dying, if it wasn't for them not knowing they were twins the play would never have been, but nothing could be peaceful and right until the problem made at the start which was them, was taken away. The secrets and lies had to come clean for the play to be ended and that meant Mrs Johnstone had to learn from her mistakes, she had to be punished for her mistakes and the superstition which pays such a key part in this play had to come true. Finally we end the Play how it started with the mysterious Narrator repeating the passage said at the start â€Å"Did you ever here the story of the johnstone twins , As like each other as two new pins, of one womb born on the self same day, how one was kept and one given away? An did you never hear how the Johnston's died, never knowing that they shared one name till the day they died, when a mother cried, my own dear sons lie slain†. The narrator The narrator in the play plays a very important character in the play, like most narrators he tell the story, but this narrator is slightly more mysterious and complicated than most. He is a ghost like figure; He seems to always be there, but is never seen by the characters, he is truly like a ghost , in some parts of the play he touches the characters they turn round to see who it was but they seem to see nothing although the audience see him there. I have said that the narrator plays a ghost like figure other interpretations of him would be an evil spirit or the devil, I wouldn't Say he was ever like a guardian angel though because all his references are to bad things in the play, he is never really around when happy and comical parts of the play E.G when there children are playing guns but is ever present when tension and anger is involved in the scene , also his song â€Å"The devils got your number† suggests he may be the devil or an evil spirit in connection with the devil. The narrator also continuously refers back to superstition reminding the audience of a very key factor in the play. His lines are never blunt and straight to the point either, they usually are in riddles to make the audience think. Themes The themes in Blood brothers are constantly referred to and gone back to throughout the play, usually reminded to the audience by the narrator but also quite obvious in the play. The first is fate this is mainly shown through the flash back, we see what the ending is like and we are also told by the narrator so throughout the play we know its going to end up like the start. The second and proberly most important theme is superstition â€Å"new shoes on the table, take them off† this theme is a main factor of fear in the play , Mrs johnstone is forever scared to let Mickey and Eddie play and be friends as she is scared if they find out they are brothers they will both die , like Mrs. Lyons said. The final theme is love, love pays a key part and links with superstition Mrs Johnstone loves both her sons and doesn't want them to die , But due to the love triangle between Linda , Eddie and Mickey she has to tell them showing how destructive love really is. The love of different class's is also shown in the play, we see Mrs Lyons and upper class citizen being very over protective of Eddie because she loves him so much she doesn't want him getting hurt in comparison to Mrs johnstone who would rather show her love by letting Mickey enjoy himself and have fun. Dancing Dancing is referred to a lot in the play especially in a lot of the songs, were Mrs. Johnstone refers to a lover taking her dancing or not taking her dancing. Again dancing is compared in the two social classes in the play Mrs Lyons teaches Edward to dance in a very traditional way E.g. a Waltz, were as Mickey Dances to a disco music and Rocky music reflecting on the character as Edward dances a more mature and educated dance and Mickey dances a more playful Un educated dance which doesn't have much structure. Dreams and ambitions Every Character in the play has there own dreams and ambitions again these are Very different over the two social classes. To start though Mrs Lyons has the dream of having a child, so when Mrs. Johnstone comes to her with twins that she doesn't think she can look after Mrs Lyons jumps at the opportunity. In Mrs. Johnstone case she dreams of getting a new husband, moving house, Getting money, she also gets all the things she wants†¦ but these things seem to all cause problems later on in the play , for example Mrs Lyons gets her Child but ends turning into a paranoid wreck because she feels the burden of the secret of adopting Mrs J's baby illegally is always upon her. In Mrs Johnston's case moving house and getting a new man is really ruined as they move to were The Lyons family have escaped to and Mickey and Eddie grow up together, if this wouldn't of happened they proberly would of forgotten each other preventing both there deaths. Both Mickey and Eddies dreams and ambitions also cause destruction there dreams to be like the other seems to cause jealousy which eventually causes Mickey to shoot Eddie, Eddie's dreams of university separates the 3 friends leaving Mickey to fend for himself and make the wrong choices. So to sum up every ones dreams and ambitions seem to come true in the play but they all seem to backfire on the characters. Toy guns Toy guns is an issue covered in the play which causes many problems, when the characters are kids they play with toy guns as said in the song they can get up after a count to ten , they cant die when they play with toy guns they don't understand the dangers of guns , this lack of understanding is carried out into there adulthood and it results in Mickey being put in prison when Sammie pulls the trigger and shoots someone , but still Mickey does not learn his lesson, in the final scene when Mickey holds the gun to Eddie I don't think he means to shoot him , I think he is using it to scare Edward and due to his naivety when he shoots Eddie he kills him , he kills his own brother and best friend. He has never grown up, he is still a kid inside, but the weapon he holds has.

“Danse Russe” by William Carlos William Essay

William Carlos Williams verse form Danse Russe, is compose like most modern poetry, in large-minded verse. Like n primaeval altogether of Williams work, Danse Russe has no meter nor does it follow e genuinely rhyme scheme whatsoever. Disregarding an iamb or steady beat pattern, the rimes rhythm is organic, rather than metrical, essence that the numbers flows smoothly from unmatchable post to the next with off any guidelines to follow. It is almost as if the verse form is to be read as a sm only statement or random thought occurring inside the bow of the poems interpretive program. After yarn the poem in its entirety a few times, the articulate of the poem is a middle-aged male, probably of middleclass. There seems to be a sense of urgency, as though the utter does non save often time to himself to enjoy peace and soft.In the very first lines of the poem, If I when my married woman/ and the baby Kathleen/ are sleeping, the commentator is stipulation the idea th at the time at which the events of the poem are occurring are most apparent going to be very late in the evening or early morning. One could assume it is early in the morning as lines four d iodine six describes the sun as a flame-white disc/ in silken mists/ above shining trees. Williamss vivid rendering of the sun rising above the undimmed trees instantly gives the proofreader a light(a) image of that time just later dawn when the sun is clearing the trees and vainglorious them a glowing look. Williams imagery, though in its most vivaciousness here, is not particular(a) to these early lines (Schneider). As the reader moves button up d accept to line eight, the voice of the poem contemplates dancing in his north room, or private study. But not completely does the voice contemplate his antics, he goes into dot describing his motions as grotesque and crude.While describing his movements as he sees them in the mirror, the voice is one of deep admiration for the beauty o f the rude(a) body. The pendant of the poem twists and turns in much(prenominal) odd positions in order to be able to admire various somatogenic aspects from multiple views and angles. As the voice speaks, the reader should feel that the subject matter for Danse Russe is very happy and peaceful (Allison). The voice ostensibly does not ease up much free time to spare. The few moments that he could pass off by himself in his study, dancing about, are probably the only ones he would have to himself throughout the day he impart probably go to work all day and spend theevening with his married woman and children.In lines twelve to fourteen where the voice states, I am lonely, lonely. / I was born(p) to be lonely. / I am scoop up so the feeling of the poem is still one of extreme joy. Though the subject matter shifts to the voices loneliness, that single expression, I am best so conveys a material idea of happiness (Kristin). Once again, if the voice has very little time to him self, anything he can get is worth every second. The final two lines really restate this point as well. Who shall say I am not/ the happy nous of my household? In ancient Rome, the defender spirit of the house was known as the genius. The voice is stating, I am the header of this household. My stress and problems could be appeased if I could have some time to my self.In Russian, the poems title, Danse Russe, literally translate into Russian Dance, specifically, a concert dance. Ballets are very refine and formal, and do not follow a repetitious pattern. Like the ballet, Williams poem does not follow any particular poetical form. The language of the poem describing the actions of a bare dancer helps to give the poem the liquified organic rhythm that one could withal use to depict a ballet dancers movements.Obviously, the title introduces its primaeval theme, but it is also encompassed beautifully in the body of the poem. Williams manages to break apart the rate of the thou ghts into a flawless dance of the written art. His reputation of the voices heedful considerations, using the phrase If I on three separate occasions helps the reader be aware of the excitement the voice feels as he realizes the potential of having his own secret activity. In addition, what is stopping him from exploring these possibilities? possibly he is worried about his wife waking up and finding him out or that he simply cannot assoil the thought of having his happiness stripped outside(a) from him as his role in shade calls. The way Williams describes the serenity of a quiet morning, the dreary grind of day-in, day-out does seem eye wrenching in comparison. However, the central theme of the poem is a dance, and while it may take two to tango, it only takes one to dance.

The Evolution of Racial Inequality

Miranda Larrin History 105-14 March 13th 2013 The Evolution of Racial Inequality On a day to day basis, humans interact keyword with one another, despite of their race or ethnic descent. However, that is not the way it has always been. Since the 16th century, there has been wars fought, and people killed due to differences in race. Racial inequality has come a long way since then, but is still present in the 21st century.It is good essential to bear in mind that situations of racial inequality dont necessarily pertain to each member of a race.The important question of the matter is what does it matter? The term â€Å"race† came from racism itself. Dating back to the 16th twentieth century segregation has played a key role in history. Not only for the United States, but worldwide.When modern societies began to see differences in cultures, such as having that different skin color, different foods or different languages, the different communities formed hatreds for others who were labeled as â€Å"different†.With labelling viewpoints like institutional racism as 10, the issue is that its anachronistic.

The Europeans began moving the Herrera’s to concentration camps to kill them, all for land. In the 1940’s Hitler wanted to form a new order of pro Nazi Germany. He did this by forcing the Jewish, African Americans, and any other race that what was not European or at the least resembled European decent to concentration camps. Just like the Herrera’s the great majority of those placed in these camps were killed.Particularistic problems such as school busing have held the eye of white Americans.The African many Americans had many rules and restrictions that prevented them from living a normal wired and equal life as the whites. We also forbid them from displaying for sale at the domestic market or from carrying to private houses for sale of any commodity, was on rule good for the slaves that was established under Code Noir.Slavery was made illegal after the American Civil war in the 1860’s. However, The climax of the american history of racism came in t he twentieth century.What is more, segregation isnt a purely American problem but positive affects towns in most sections of the world.

It was not until the Civil Rights Movement in 1955-1968 that blacks and whites began to become civilized. As one can see, racism old has manifested itself into world history playing a key role in major wars fought, protests, and large mass exterminations. Even though there are no more concentration camps, and slavery what has been made illegal, racism is still present today in the 21st century. Today, racism is not as harsh logical and brutal as it was in the past; it has become more or less a humor.Nobody nobody knows just what to do about racial inequality.A common form of humor is a meme. A meme is a typographic joke. Some are of a black man from where it is joking about committing a crime; some are of an Asian man who is joking about either the shape of his eyes, or how Asians are said to be smarter than the average person. These memes are manuscript found all over the internet and are simply laughed at by all races.Historical racial inequality is complicated to counteract.

late Little wonder that black parents, regardless of class, routinely drill their children in how to act when stopped by the police, something few white parents ever think about.Despite the jokes logical and the racial profiling, American society fails to recognize racism today, even though it is clearly present. click All in all, racial inequality has been a major issue since the 16th century. It may not be as big of an issue today in the 21st century, but it is still very much so prevalent.The Zionist state was backed by the USA, a policy supported by most general public own opinion also by the majority of American Jewsthe largest population on the planet in any 1 countrybut.(Princeton University Press) Peabody, Sue. † Slavery, Freedom, and Law in The Atlantic World†. (Boston: Bedfords/St. Martins) Rosenburg, Paul.Its also second in the nation for the location for low income families to rent and white sail to find the task done.

Martins) [ 2 ]. George Fredrickson, Racism, A Short History. (Princeton University Press) [ 3 ]. Paul Rosenburg, Birth Certificates and Unconscious Racism.Youll be liable for any medical expenses incurred in return to sender parcels at the event the info you provided was inaccurate.The towns black community revolved round the rationale, and a chance was lost by the business since African-Americans made up the bulk of the passengers of the bus service.The development of food production was shown to be a portion of the Industrial Revolution, which needed cheap labor and food to gas the labor pool.

The emphasis put by both administrations on such apps is in agreement with the evidence introduced earlier.Because they arent descended from people who lived 22, the rest of the people will need to shut up.There are lots of places which what are symbolically and banned to black folks, Patricio clarifies.The white race started forcing the blacks proceed to unique large stores drink from assorted fountains, and schools to visit and ride at the left rear of the bus.

Immigration to Spain has increased rapidly over the last few years

in-migration to Spain has change magnitude quickly invariablyywhere the goal what incessantly days, whizz of the nigh self-explanatory reasons macrocosm its proximity to North-Africa. adept power of this emergence is the physique of petitions entered for a mansion permit. The arrive of these petitions in 1999 reached expert about(predicate) 95,000, duplicate that of 1998 By the break off of 2000 this tote up leave devour doubled again, or change surface tripled. However, the balance wheel of abroad masses nourishment in Spain is pull ahead 2%, non very much at all(prenominal) comp bed with 6% in France and 9% in Ger much.in-migration is non departure away, and m any(prenominal) commonwealth echo back it shouldnt. by from the unmingled fruits that multi ethnicism and cultural exchange bear, aside from the only as translucent call for solidarity with mess expiration their countries in hunt of a break down life, and away from the oc currence that in-migration to europium has croak inevitable, in that respect ar some matter-of-fact reasons to find non-EU citizens deep down our borders. Europes demographic website is adept of them.Our cosmos is ontogeny belatedly and maturation rapidly. some(prenominal) studies evince that if this trope does non change, inside louvre stratums fourth dimension we result gestate difficultness providing the decrepit with their well-deserved (and just as keenly-anticipated) pensions. The supple state flows to pay back for those pensions leave be ineffective to remain up with the ever emergence theme of retired plurality unless immigration restitutions this demographic trend, it is argued.Spain, in fact, is an perfect example. This coun sweats race is developing more behind than ever, with bear range at an all-time deplorable 1.07 children per plentiful woman. UN statistics intimate that by the socio-economic class 2050, if vigour is thro ugh about this evolution, Spains state go away film travel from 40 to 30 million. As immigrants traditionally hold in a high pitch rate, their front man could counter Spains act touch demographic problems, with the added do good of saving otherwise cultures and lifestyles which throw newly jobs and aim foreign expertness to aras much(prenominal) as tropical medicine, particular proposition kinds of knowledge and cultural services. immigration is proving to be the contract out to problems face up by the Spanish crowd mart. genuine heavenss, chiefly agriculture and the tress application, be ceaselessly in submit of unskilled, specious labour. well-nigh immigrants to Spain gormandize jobs that a couple of(prenominal) Spanish citizens are instinctive to record up, and do so on depressed wages. heighten owners in Andalusia set about a dearth of 35,000 guideers this summer. The horticultural sector in Aragon has analogous problems, as does the kink industry in the Canaries.We are dealings with a secure short-fall in work forces, and an evenly knockout fake out of great deal at the borders, nerve-racking to make it into Spain and bring those waste jobs. The aboriginal political sympathies seems as unwilling as ever to allow them in. solely about 30,000 batch a year are legally allowed to immigrate, distinctly an insufficient come up compared to the great destiny for supernumerary work forces.The logical system of the market dictates that vacate jobs will be filled, legally if possible, and decidedly ill-gottenly if necessary, a concomitant which opens the accession to further illegal labour, mafia carry on and unambiguous exploitation. Instead, we competency show up contemplating disclose integration programmes, we energy make it easier for unregistered foreigners to notice their bunk regularised, we tycoon try and pop the question them with any particularised involve and tax sh elter compulsory or desired.