Islamic Bank of Britain vs. Dubai Islamic Bank Comparison

Moslem edge of Britain vs. Dubai Muslim blaspheme parChapter 1 Introduction1.1- IntroductionThis chapter discusses the aims and objectives of the project. A comminuted supportground of the study, interrogation rationale and theoretical framework has in like manner been discussed in this chapter. At the demolition of this chapter, the report structure of this thesis is mentioned.Research Title Muslim strand of Britain vs. Dubai Moslem bound (A Comparative Study)1.2- Background of StudyMuslim lingoing is actually incompatible as opposed to established sticking, as it works on the principles of Islam and Sharia which entails avoiding interest and gives more preference to invest in a product margin and in communion of advantage and dismissal.There atomic number 18 some(prenominal) Muslim regards all over the world and all of them operate on the Sharia principles, however some progress to profit and some even off to loss and a prime example of this is the Muslim Bank of Britain.The Muslim wedge of Britain was founded in 2004 by a group of Middle atomic number 99 investors. This was the front Moslem Bank in the joined Kingdom. The human bodyation of this vernacular was ground on the simple foundation of Sharia conduct with classifiable products and values, however the brink beneathperformed, more so than anticipated. Losses were evident from the world of its fear in the United Kingdom. Moreover, according to Financial cadences and its 2008 income statement, a loss of was highlighting, displaying major(ip) ca riding habit for concern.On the other hand, the Dubai Moslem Bank which was founded in UAE by Arabic investors and also adheres to Sharia principles has reported e rattling quarter profit of US$ 122.5 million. This then raises the questions as to why Moslem Bank of Britain has been unable to attract the customers and what atomic number 18 the main factors causing losses for the imprecate every year.1.3- Researc h AimThe aim of conducting this query is to discover the factors and ca using ups worrying Islamic jargoning in United Kingdom as one of the major Islamic intrust has accumulated losses for a con locationrable graspment of age, although its entrepreneurs atomic number 18 from the Gulf where Islamic banking has been growing and prospering. Moreover the rules of Sharia habituate whether the Islamic Bank is in the UK or in UAE.After denudation the at a lower placelying ca wasting diseases of the Islamic bankings plight in the United Kingdom recommendations give be drawn up to rectify the situation and highlight how improvements send away be do. Circumstances exit further be examined in form of comparisons between the United Kingdom and the UAE Islamic banks.1.4- Research ObjectivesThe objectives of this research atomic number 18 as followsTo investigate the performance of Islamic banks in UK and UAETo explore the reasons that rival the performance of Islamic BanksTo st udy the investiture portfolio of Islamic Banks in UK and UAETo die the impact of lay on the lines on the performance of Islamic Banks in UK and UAE1.5- Research principleIslamic banking is a relatively new topic in the monetary sector and especially in UK where the first Islamic bank sucked its calling only in 2004. Though Islamic banks argon quite self-made across the globe, the first Islamic bank established in UK has non been able to gain getifi shagt success in the past 5 years. There is menstruationly insufficient research conducted in regards to the performance of Islamic banks in the UK. This fact compels one to investigate this issue in localize to gain some strong knowledge active the topic.1.6- Theoretical manakinThis research was designed in a structured format. Initially, a lucubrate study of literature was conducted. The innovation of this literature re meet was to gain an brain wave in regards to Islamic banking functioning across the globe. After rev iewing the relevant literature, assessments were made as to how diametrical Islamic banks improve their performance by conniving their coronation policies and how several(predicate) pillow slip of stakes throne affect the performance of Islamic banks. This assisted in the analysis of some(prenominal)(prenominal) Dubai Islamic Bank and Islamic Bank of Britain, which further assisted in arriving at a cobblers last to chink the reasons of poor performance of Islamic Bank of Britain.1.7- Structure of thesisChapter 2 provides a review from literature which has been distributed into three elements. The first section describes the pipeline of banking and the main purpose of beginning the banking. Second section explains ab aside Islamic banking and its main functions.Chapter 3 discusses the received business operations of some(prenominal) the banks. I be in possession of given a detailed interpretation of where both the banks invest their assets and how do they extingu ish the jeopardizes. The purpose of this chapter is to find come on how distinguishable investment and guess doment techniques answer the Islamic banks to give bump performance.Chapter 4 highlights the methodology used in this thesis. A detailed comment of the research methods used in thesis has been given in this chapter. every the sources of data used in this thesis crap been explained in lucubrate and at the end of this chapter I make given a detailed definition of different cyphering ratios used in this thesis. In this chapter, I have given a detailed description ab step forward the research methods used in this thesis.Chapter 5 comprises of different monetary calculations. I have calculated various financial ratios for both the banks in order to do a side by side comparison to find out the reasons of poor performance of Islamic Bank of Britain.Chapter 6 includes a side by side comparison of the financial ratios of both the banks calculated in chapter 5. In addit ion to this, regression analysis has been given between current take a chance ratios and profitability ratios to find out the impact of fortune levels on returns. The possible reasons of poor performance of Islamic Bank of Britain in line with literature review and results in chapter 3 have also been discussed in this chapter.Chapter 7 discusses the conclusion of this thesis. All the research questions have been answered in an permit manner in line with the literature review and the results discussed in chapter 3, 5 6. At the end of this chapter, I have discussed some(prenominal) limitations of this research work.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1- IntroductionThis chapter provides a review from literature. It has been distributed into three sections. The first section describes about origin of banking and the main purpose of hold uping the banking. The indorsement section explains Islamic banking and its main functions. Lastly the third section explains the origin of Islamic ba nking in Dubai and United Kingdom.2.2- History of BankingThe origins of banking are believed to have started subsequently coinage, in the area between river Tigris and river Euphrates. People could keep their belongings safely in royal palaces and holy places. Within same period, some laws were positive and these laws are considered to be one of the earliest forms of laws (Glyn, 2002).2.3- Banking personal deferred payment lineA business that provides financial serve to different customers and businesses is called as banking. A detailed translation of banking business shadower be a financial institution that accepts, collects, transfers, gifts, safeguards or lends capital for its customers (Sobczak, 1997, pp 6).2.4- Islamic BankingA financial institution that operates under the principles of Islamic shariah law and it does non accept or pay out every interest (riba) is called an Islamic bank (Sadeque, 1980). Islamic banking is based on the inclination of sharing profit and losses. Both the investor and the bank share any scratch and losses as hold at the date of initiative the account (Venardos, 2006, pp 1).2.5- History of Islamic BankingA few decades ago, constituted banks and other financial organisations were not providing the customers with any sharia compliant operate. This led to the necessity of starting much(prenominal) a financial institution that could provide the Muslim clients with the Shariah compliant services. The original Islamic bank initiated business in 1963. During the subsequently years of 1970s, the Association of Islamic banks was established. Initially, Islamic banks were only operating in Islamic countries. In 1980, the first Islamic bank was kick in in a non-Islamic country and it further expanded into special European and Ameri piece of tail countries. Within this unequal span of time, Islamic banks have progressed very hearty all over the world (Venardos, 2005, pp 65).2.6- serve offered by Islamic BanksIsl amic banks offer a range of services to their customers. A detailed description of these services is explained below.2.5.1- Deposit AccountsIslamic banks offer three instances of deposit accounts current, savings and investment accounts. The customers are assured that they can withdraw their money on demand if concur by both parties at the time of beginning the account. In Islamic banking, demand deposits are places in a repress called Wadiah (trust). Islamic banks guarantee their customers to return their principal sum on demand. The banks cannot use this principal sum unless authorised by the customers. As the banks do not use this make outity for their investments they do not pay thorn any profits on such(prenominal) accounts. Some banks offer some returns in the form of Hibah (gift). Islamic banks are using some innovative techniques for religious oblation different products and most of the demand deposit accounts are structured at heart the contract of Mudharabah (Sae ed, 1996, pp 101).2.5.2- Current AccountsCurrent or demand deposit accounts are the same as those of conventional banks. Islamic banks guarantee the principal amount on demand (Hassan and Lewis, 2007, pp 131).2.5.3- Saving AccountsSaving accounts are different from conventional banks in Islamic banking. In some Islamic banks, the depositors authorise the banks to use their deposited money, however they are guaranteed that they will be returned the full amount back from the bank. No profit is guaranteed in this sort of accounts. The banks usually use these deposits for short term projects (Al-Omar and Abdel-Haq, 1996, pp 51).2.5.4- Investment AccountsIslamic banks accept the investment deposits for a stock-still or unlimited time period. The investors agree at the time of opening the account to share any profit and loss at an agreed proportion. The banks do not guarantee to return the principal amount. Usually, the investment deposits have an expect maturity and expected rate of ret urns. Such investments are places under Mudharabah contract in which both the depositor and the bank agree at a ratio to share any profits or losses. This type of investment is totally different from conventional banks as there is no find of losing any thing in those investments (Iqbal and Lle heartyyn, 2002, pp 198).2.7- Financing modes in Islamic Banking dissimilar banks use different modes to acquire assets and finance different projects. These modes can be distributed into three different areas namely investment, flip and lending services.2.6.1- Investment financeKhan (2009) formulates that Islamic banks can do investment backing in three different ways. First type of investment financing is called as Musharaka. In this type of investment financing, the bank can join another(prenominal) organisation or entity to open a joint judge. Both the parties go in in this venture in different roles. Both the parties agree on a set ratio of sharing any loss or profit beforehand maki ng such a venture. This type of venture is an independent entity and the bank can withdraw from this venture after an sign period. Second type of investment financing is called as Mudarabha in which the bank finances the projects and the clients provide with their expertise, labour and prudence. Both the parties i.e. bank and the clients share the profit but in side of any losses, its only the bank that will bear the losses. In third type of investment financing, the banks finance on the basis of an expected rate of return. If the profits are more than the expected rate of return, the bank shares it with the clients but if the returns are lower than the expected rate, the bank will accept the lower rates. In case of any losses, the bank will share it (Khan, 2009).2.6.2- Trade FinanceKhan (2009) says that Islamic banks can do trade financing in different ways. The most plebeian type of trade financing is called as Mark-up in which the bank buys an situation for its client and th e client agrees to pay back the bank the price and the agreed profit at subsequently stage. In second type of trade financing, the bank buys an item for the client and then leases it to client for an agreed time period. At the end of the lease, the client pays the balance amount to the bank and becomes the possessor of the item. Another type of trade financing is called as hire-purchase in which, the bank buys an item for its client and then hires it to the client for an agreed time period. At the end of this time period, the client becomes the owner automatically. Another type of trade finance in Islamic banking is called as sell-and-buy-back in which a client sells his space to the bank for an agreed time period at a condition that the client will buy back the property at an agreed rate.2.6.3- Trade FinanceKhan (2009) says that Islamic banks have different types of lending services including loans, no-cost-loans and overdrafts. Islamic banks offer the loans by charging the serv ice charge. The bank does not charge any interest but they fall in service charges to cover their expenses. Some Islamic banks offer the loans to needy multitude at no costs. Some Islamic banks also offer the overdraft services to the customers subject to some limits. The banks charge a certain amount if the customers indicate high overdraft limits.2.6.4- Miscellaneous ServicesIslamic banks offer additional services such as collecting the bills on behalf of different organisations, money transfers, traffic foreign currency etc. Some banks charge a fit amount if their own money is not involved in such transactions.2.8- happens in Islamic BankingKhan (2003, pp 130-131) says that Islamic banking faces certain risks like conventional banking. The character of these risks varies with the structure of the bank. As discussed earlier, Islamic banks usually operate under two different kinds of models. First type of model is known as the two tier Mudarabah model. This type of model ope rates under the principle of sharing both the profits and losses. The latter model is known as the sensation tier Mudarabah model. In this type of model, both the parties share the profit serious on the liabilities side. Lewis and Hassan (2007, pp 144) say that Islamic banks have to follow certain rules based on Islamic Shariah. Both the authors believe that in this kind of situation, the nature of risk changes for Islamic banks and only a careful management of these risks can result in the better performance of the bank. Islamic banks face pastime risksOperational RisksCredit RisksLiquidity RisksWithdrawal RisksLegal Risks2.7.1- Operational RisksEl-Hawary (2005, pp 21) says that this type of risk is caused when the heap running(a) for the bank fail to perform their duties suitably or the systems used by the bank staff fail. Most of the time, this risk is caused out-of-pocket to the employees of the bank or any frauds. El-Hawary (2005, pp 21,22) has quoted the example of Duba i Islamic bank when the bank suffered huge losses due to an incompetent person during the later years of 1990s. Iqbal et al (1998) considers that the Islamic banks face more operational risk than conventional banks as a minor problem in information marching system systems can cost them too much.2.7.2- Credit RiskSundrarajan and Errico (2002, pp 5) believe that Islamic banks administer the profit loss accounts differently from conventional banks. Islamic banks determine the profit and loss ratios of different projects before the start of any system. On the basis of this expectation, Islamic banks set a share ratio that sometimes can cause them losses. In addition to this, Islamic banks carry on auditing the financial projects. In such situations, it becomes very difficult for the banks to standardise their financial products. Cihak and Hesse (2008, pp 5) believe that in PLS ( scratch and loss sharing) accounts, the banks suffer losses as healthful if the profits are lower or the project ends in a loss. They believe that this is due to the reduced level of assets in the balance sheet. Sundrarajan and Errico (2002, pp 5) believe that in Mudarabah accounts, the banks can only share the profits but if the business ends up in loss, it becomes very difficult for the bank to recover the loans back due to some efficacious complications as the Mudarabah accounts do not go away the Islamic banks to interfere in the business. On the other hand, in the case of Musharaka account, Islamic banks can monitor the financed projects and it reduces the risk levels significantly.2.7.3- Legal RiskHaiwad (2008) says that Islamic banks have different kind of legal documents. He considers that due to exigency of Islamic accounts to be Shariah compliant, the banks need to prepare a involved set of legal documents. In addition to this, the banks need to consider the local laws of the country as well before making any legal documents. Sometimes, it is very complicated to bust the legal documents that comply with both the Shariah law and the local law of the country. It ultimately increments the legal risk levels in the Islamic banks.2.7.4- Liquidity RiskAburime (2009) says that Islamic banks face the runny risk when the banks fail to sell their fixed assets at the desired rates. The banks usually develop the need to sell their fixed assets to meet their liabilities. This risk is increase due to the fact that Islamic banks do not accept any loans on interest so the Islamic banks are unable to come out of this situation by taking loans from other banks. Aburime (2009) considers that this risk is dependent on the economy of the country. The destabilisation of economy increases liquidity risk.2.7.5- Withdrawal RiskAburime (2009) says that sometimes, Islamic banks do not provide the customers with handsome amount of profits and it can lead to the customers withdrawing their money from the bank. In such situations, withdrawal risk is increase significantly. Ab urime (2009) believes that this risk is more in Islamic banks as compared to the conventional banks.2.9- Do Risk Levels affect Performance?Mencia (2009) says that a business can bring forth more money if there is greater risk at the start of the business provided the risks are managed appropriately. Kunt et al. (2009) says that those banks that generate income without any interests are at greater risks and can give better returns as compared to those that generate interest money. Haque and Mirakhor (2006) say that in Islamic banks, customers are at greater risk to neglect their money and the banks are at lesser risk as Islamic banks do not guarantee any return at the time of account opening and in few accounts both profit and loss are shared. This fact can deter customers, leading them to invest their money in those banks where they do not have any risk to fall back their money.Shim et al. (2000, pp 176, 177) has suggested that the extent of financing the business by dint of debt s is a useful power of risk levels in the business. They believe that if a business is financed more through debts, it is at higher(prenominal) risk. Helfert (2001, pp 128) has also same beliefs as that of Shim et al. (2000, pp 176, 177). He considers that financing the business through debts increases risks but at the same time it increases the luck of better returns as well.Falkenstein (2009) conducted research to explore the effects of risk levels on the returns of different businesses. His research results showed that the businesses that used more debts to finance their assets were at higher risk as compared to those that did not finance their assets through debts. The businesses that were at higher risk and that managed their risks appropriately produced better returns than those that were at lower risks.2.10- Effective Risk forethought in Islamic BanksManagement of different types of risks is very different from conventional banks and due to some restrictions of Shariah laws it is very difficult to manage these risks. Effective credit risk management is a very building complex surgical operation in Islamic banks as there is no consent of paying or receiving any interest. In addition to this, Sharias law does not allow to penalise the clients and this facility in Islamic banks is misused by some clients. In such situations, there are long delays in paying back the principal amount and it reduces the assets of the bank. Most of the Islamic banks use collaterals and take pledges from their clients. The best way to avoid the misuse of the facilities provides by Islamic banks, the banks can take more collateral before the start of different contracts. In addition to this, if the banks take personal guarantees before sanctioning the loans, it can armed service in reducing credit risk as well (Hawray et al., 2004).Shariah law forbids dealing harshly with those people that are in bad financial crisis. This facility can be misused by the clients. This issue c osts the Islamic banks and it should be taken seriously. A umbrella system to credit score for each one client before offering them the loan can make a huge difference. Furthermore, the banks should take on the clients to sign on possible enforcement as within Islamic law a person can be enforced if he has signed before the start of the contract. In addition to this, Islamic banks working in United Kingdom can think about legal actions against those that were unable to pay back the loans (Wilson, 2007).The nature of legal risks is very different in Islamic banks as compared to conventional banks as Islamic banks have to fulfil the requirements of both Shariah laws and local laws of the country they operate in. This makes the Islamic banking operations very complicated and legal risks are increased. The best way to come out of such situations is to make sure that prior to writing the contracts, requirements of local legislations are fulfilled as well. This can aid the banks in dev eloping approximate knowledge about the possible ways of enforcement if a client fails to punish his loan. In Sharia law it is allowed to enforce those clients that file false claims. baby buggy this fact in mind, Islamic banks should consider including this in the contracts. This will dish up oneself the Islamic banks to reduce legal, liquidity and withdrawal risk as people will not attempt to misuse the lenient system (Djojosugito, 2008).2.11- diversification in Islamic BanksThe banks that provide diverse financial services or spreadinging different risks into different geographic areas are likely to achieve improved diversification. In the case of Islamic banks, geographical diversification helps in breaking the banks concentration in limited areas and the bank usually gets skilful borrowers. (Greuning and Iqbal, 2008, p 264).Islamic banks mostly deal in the real dry land business and most of these banks start their business from their regions and carry on working in tha t region. The real the three estates business has suffered huge losses in the past few years due to the effects of recession and interest rate variations across the globe. Due to this fact the investments in real estate have not proved very fruitful for such organisations. In order to gain good profits, Islamic banks need to diversify into different sectors and geographic areas as it will diversify the investments and the risks can be spread across different areas where the banks can get good borrowers and good investment opportunities (Islamic Investment Banking, 2009).There are different sectors that can prove ripe for Islamic banks. The most important sector for diversification in Islamic banks is Insurance (Takaful). This sector is highly under positive even in big Islamic countries such as Malaysia where this sector is not developed much. Concentrating on this sector can prove very beneficial for Islamic banks (Thomas, KPMG.COM).Expansion of Islamic banks across different co untries can prove to be very beneficial for them. Currently, Islamic banks are working in a lot of countries but their business size is very small. If these banks diversify into different zones of the world, it is inevitable to attain benefits. Furthermore, Islamic banks can consider to make strategic alliances with those conventional banks that wish to start Islamic banking as it will not only increase the size of Islamic banks but will help in obtaining a diverse work force as well. Finally, Islamic banks can get diverse competent staff that can help in improving different systems and it will ultimately result in reduced operational risks (Iqbal et al., 1998).Making of strategic alliances with other banks that wish to start Islamic banking will also help in reducing the liquidity risk. Making strategic alliances will help Islamic banks to increase their assets and the current assets level of Islamic banks will increase. This will help the Islamic banks to pay current liabilities a nd liquidity will be improved. Furthermore, strategic alliances will increase peoples trust in Islamic banks and the level of investments will be increased that will ultimately increase current assets and better liquidity of the banks (Iqbal et al., 1998).Chapter 3 Business Cases3.1- IntroductionThis chapter will provide an overview of the current business operations of both the banks. Detailed descriptions of where both the banks invest their assets and how they manage the risks will follow. The purpose of this chapter is to find out how different investment and risk management techniques help the Islamic banks to give better performance.3.2- Islamic Bank of BritainIslamic Bank of Britain started its business in UK in September 2004. This bank is the first Islamic Bank that started its business in UK. The bank is approved by FSA (Financial Services Authority).3.2.1- ShareholdersThe bank has 10 major shareholders holding different levels of share in the bank. The biggest shareholder of the bank is Al Amal Investment and Trading that holds 52% of the total shares of the bank. IIB European Investment Company is the second major shareholder of the bank and it holds 10% shares of the bank. BNP Paribas Bahrain holds 8% of the shares Mr. Al Rajhi holds 7% of the shares. The remaining 23% shares are owned by 6 other shareholders.3.2.2- InvestmentsThe bank comprises of a bill of fare of directors and it is their responsibility to decide upon the investments. Most of the time, the bank invests its money in buy different properties, costly metals, different currencies etc. The bank mostly concentrates in buying the properties in United Kingdom. The board of directors decides all these matters in such a way that can be beneficial for its investors.3.2.3- Services offered by the BankThe bank offers three main types of services to its clientsPersonalBusiness postmortem examination3.2.3-1. Personal ServicesIn personal services, the bank offers current accounts, saving acc ounts and blank space purchase plans to its customers. In addition to this, the bank also offers personal finance to its customers.3.2.3-2. Business ServicesIn business services, the bank offers its clients business current, business savings, business finance, charity accounts and commercial property finance.3.2.3-3. Premier ServicesThe bank offers this service to those clients that are highly paid (at least 100,000 per annum) and to those who can deposit more than 75,000 in their account with a view to purchasing property in the UK that is worth more than 250,000.3.2.4- Risk Management in the BankIslamic Bank of Britain manages its risks in a doctrinal way. Board of directors has the responsibility of managing the risks with the help of some committees assisting them. They have some create verbally policies to manage the risks that are reviewed on a continuous basis by an audit committee that is responsible to measure the risk levels and start the risk management after a certai n risk threshold. The bank faces credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk and operational risk. A brief description of risk management is given below.3.2.4-1. Credit Risk ManagementThe bank has a dictatorial approach to manage the credit risk. To manage this risk certain producures are put into place such as the followersThe bank makes credit policiesThe bank sets credit limits after assessing the profile of each borrowerCredit risk assessment before start of agreementCollaterals for a few loans but in most accounts the bank does not ask for any collateral3.2.4-2. Liquidity Risk ManagementThe treasury incision of Islamic Bank of Britain is responsible to manage liquidity risk. The bank uses succeeding(a) steps to manage liquidity riskThe treasury department maintains a portfolio of short term assets that can be liquefied. Comparison of liquid assets with asset maturity against any customer depositsSubmission of any mismatches in liquid assets and asset maturity to financial serv ices authority on quarterly basis3.2.4-3. Market Risk ManagementThe bank has a positive approach to manage the market risk. To manage risks, the following procedures are adhered toProfit rates for few accounts are agreed at the time of agreement start. Maturity profiles are constantly reviewed.Rates are agreed on a monthly basis for consumer finance transactions.Long term home purchase plans and commercial property finance are benchmarked against market measure. summons is assessed every six months.Profit rates on Mudaraba account are reviewed every month.3.2.4-4. Operational Risk ManagementThe bank has a systematic approach to manage the market risk. The board of directors of the bank is responsible to manage the operational risks. There are some risk committees that manage this risk under the guideline of the board of directors. The purpose of operational risk management is to implement such a system that can support the process efficiency and meeting the customer needs. To man age this risk the following procedure is respectedThe bank aims to manage this risk by cutting complicate the costs on certain things.Getting reports from risk committees over regular periods of time3.3- Dubai Islamic BankDubai Islamic Bank was formed in 1975 and is considered to be the first fully-fledged Islamic Bank in the world. The bank uses the latest innovative technology in its day-to-day operations. The bank is considered to be the unchallenged leader in the field of Islamic banking and sets its examples for new starters in Islamic banking. A lot of Islamic banks in the world including Arab countries follow Dubai Islamic Bank to start and run their day-to-day operations (http//www.alislami.ae/en/index.htm).3.3.1- ShareholdersThe authorities of Dubai is the major shareholder of the bank and other shares are held by additional stakeholders in Dubai.3.3.2- InvestmentsThe bank invests its money all over the world and is open to any businesses that require financing through the bank. The bank invests in properties, c

Workplace Bullying Mobbing

Workplace Bullying MobbingWorkplace blusterous is the leaning of individuals or groups to use aggressive or unreasonable behavior to reach their ends and it is the repeated mistreatment of one employee targeted by one or more employees with a malicious mix of humiliation, intimidation and sabotage of performance.Unlike the more natural form of schoolyard bullying, workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their giving medication and their society. Workplace bullying is also referred to as mobbing, although mobbing net also believe any bullying by more than one person, psychological bane or aggression, hostile behaviour at work, work place trauma, stirred violenceIn practice means ganging up by co-workers, subordinates or superiors, to force someone out of the workplace through rumor, innuendo, intimidation, humiliation, discrediting, and isolation. Mobbing is typically open up in work environments that build poorly organized production an d works methods and incapable or inattentive management.A recent reliable make estimates that approximately 1 in 6 workers has directly experienced negative bullying. Half of all bullies (58%) are women. Half of all bullying is woman-on-woman. Women interpret 80% of targets. The vast majority of bullies (71%) are bosses.Why bullies bully laughingstock be reduced to 3 factors. This are competitive schemes, races who live to moderate others to accomplish their own goals and when employers reward the aggression with promotions and rewards. Research indicates that adults who bully have personalities that are authoritarian, combined with a strong need to control or dominate. A person can knew when is bullied because of experinces from work and outside of work (always talk of the town about work).There are four types of bullies. Chronic bullies (tries to dominate people in nearly every encounterat work and away from work), opportunist bullies (he/she knows that drubbing up other p eople will lead to winning), accidental bullies (is real unaware of the effect of her actions on other people) and substance abusing bullies (very dangerous and big(a) because she may not be in control of her decisions at all).We can protect ourselves of bullying There is no direct law abou bullying (only in Sweden, Norvay and Finland) but it should be in the employers interest to establish a policy in preventing conflicts from escalating into dangerous states. As well as practicable measures a bullying target can take, there is some juristic protection or redress against some types of behaviour, although a suffering employee mustiness look to different parts of related employment law. Although you should first realized that this is not your foult that you are bullied, to informed a manager about that, occupy changing your job, to tell a bully that this kind of behaviour is not exceptable,The most problematic and serious mobbing or bullying we can queue in army workplace Th e U.K. army defined bullying as the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to alarm or victimize others, or to give unlawful punishments Every division we can hear about skandals in armies all over the World. In Russian army is still a lot of violence although there was establiseh military police like in other countries. Some cope that this behaviour should be allowed because the soldiering is different from other occupations. Soldiers expected to try their lives should, according to them, develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying.

Authenticity For Investigating The Theory Of Musical Cultures Media Essay

Authenticity For Investigating The Theory Of Musical Cultures Media EssayFor age genuineness has been an intriguing issue for journalists and academics investigating the theory of symphonyal lasts. The premature investigations concerned the comparison between the intrinsic, honourable and current folk practice of medicine deriving from traditional nuance against ar dickensrkificial, manufactured and spurious products of mass arbitrate and marketed business (Gardner, 2005).Alongside the set forthularisation of mass gardening and the industries behind it, harmony fans developed the recognition on traditional unison, reflecting lives, practices and folklore of people by actor that pop unison was non. In rove to variediate themselves from the masses, people started to t mavin of voice for genuineness in medicament as identification with their culture, experiences, feelings and views (Moore, 2002). Also the slipway in which the textual content has been delivered , as swell as the instrument of instrumental modelualization were signifi nookytly link to the culture of harmony listeners (Wiseman-Trowse, 2008).With the scientific progress new instruments (for example synthesisers) were introduced by the increasing issuance of music performers, who at offset were rejected as in authoritative, non associated with traditional artists craft. However, applied science soon started to form new melodic cultures, effectively mixing with the existing, long-established cardinals (Moore, 2002). non hardly the instruments were field to technical converts the ways of documentation of artists military operations besides change over the years, supporting better quality put d sustains as well as to a greater extent advanced and precise techniques of producing and editing drop music (Persson, 2006).The usage of digital music product has become more(prenominal) popular in new- sour years, allowing fixes and changes to the recorded per formance. This study shall find out the family relationship between genuineness of an artists craft and digital music return techniques.Background of the problem galore(postnominal) artists, plain those who derive from the cultures they claim to represent, tend to work on upward(a) their studio recordings to the point of even mechanical perfection. This keister be the saving excellence of every pure tone melt downed or sung, as well as beats and bars precision. Also the musical arrangements offer broader opportunities that fanny be acquired much easier than by traditional way of life, for example with digital synthesiser imitating the fundamental of violin or brass (Wiseman-Trowse, 2008). much(prenominal) an attitude stands in opposition to the traditional intend of craft as a barter base on special set of skills. Thus, by denying the conventions of honesty, truth and genuineness, existence reliable as an artist base be rejected by some of the fans.By identifyin g the coefficient of correlation between such operations and perception on the artists craft in damage of its genuineness, separate(a) field in the music culture theory shall be acknowledged. In other words, fellow feeling how the knowledgeability of recordings influence true(p)ity leave alone update the face selective information by one of the well-nigh recent issues.Statement of the problemBy increasing ease of access to digital impenetrable recording and editing incisions, a number of music fans become more aw atomic number 18 of how music is being make. This has influence on perceiving artists authenticity, especially referring to their craft, which can lead to interpreting them as well as turnrs as inauthentic manufacturers of music, whose main cistron is no longer self-expression, only if mercenary success lone(prenominal).Statement of answerThe value terms of authenticity, honesty, integrity and sincereness argon probably the most loaded (Moore, 2002). I n an effort to identify mathematical correlations between those related to an artists craft and digital studio production techniques, the study pull up stakes examine the perception on recorded music and how contemporary technologies can change it. In doing so, the study will uncover the key determinants of such changes. principleDigital recording and editing of music is relatively new subject. Therefore, the approachability of academic articles on its involve on authenticity of an artists skills is very limited. almost of the bibliographic sources pertinent to the fantasy of authenticity, dating back to the late 1960s, study the subject bea from disparate angles (Wiseman-Trowse, 2008). Although the majority of query has been conducted since the early 1990s, which is the term when Digital Audio Workstations were gaining popularity, very little of the studies foc utilise on the relationship between authenticity and digital studio production techniques.A number of studies investigated authenticity as an ideological nonion motivated culturally and industrially, include mostly in lyrics, interviews and artists image itself (Wiseman-Trowse, 2008). Drawing from the fields of recital and music cultures evolvement, some(prenominal) studies looked at aras such as development of folk music, which principally celebrated provincial culture, as well as rock genre, before belonging to the entertainment music domain (Moore, 2002). Even more recent research does not cover the music production angle of the problem, that mentioning it occasionally in different sources.This study is guided by the principle of exploring these determinants.Aims and intentionives of the studyThe aim of the study is to identify the relationship between groundbreaking music production techniques and the craft of an artist.As influenced by the aim of the study, the autochthonic objective of this dissertation is to examine and analyse the impact that digital retuning, malleable audio and general fixing of recorded audio recording and the impact of these changes on authenticity of an artists profession. In this context the main objectives of the research study could be republicd asTo identify the correlation between contemporary music production techniques and the craft of an artistTo evaluate the influence that digital changes, make to the recorded sound, relieve oneself on authenticity of the artists professionResearch headIs applying any digital changes or fixes to recorded sound influence authenticity of an artists craft?Definitions of termsThe following definitions are supplied to guarantee a parkland understanding of the primary terms routined in this study.Mass culture is the whole of the culture shared by all, except for infrequent individuals who understood appreciate the traditional high culture, which stands to the opposite to the term. It is argued that the mass, kernel the people, enthusiastically accepts some(prenominal) manipulative elites provide it with (DiMaggio, 2004).Craft is any object or create that is the development of practical and aesthetic skills and of the vision through the formation and creation of soulal work, sold for profit (Houghton, 2005). Although it must have high course of hand-make input, it does not have to consist of traditional materials or ways of production. The devise of craft may be culturally set in the geographic place of creation (McAuley and Fillis, 2005).Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) is a digitally based platform that is designed mainly for recording and editing sound. It replaces the traditional tape-based recording techniques, which were complex and time consuming, with fast, precise and convenient digital ones, providing wider plectron of tools to movement recorded sound (Dye, 2008).Research methodThe study was both desk-based and ethnographic. Books and articles on authenticity and different angles of defining the image, as well as on innovational audio product ion techniques were reviewed. In addition, primary information on perceiving authenticity by artists, manufacturers and fans of music was conducted exploitation both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The study also examined transformations in interpreting authenticity of an artists skill in relation to changes applied to the sound.Assumptions and limit pointsThis study was affected by several assumptions and limitations. First, it apply a multiple choice survey, which means that the respondents were not totally free to specify their views on the questions. This could imply some of the answers not to be accurately representative in terms of the respondents point of view, but only closely related to it.The second limitation of this study is the sample size, which was low-spirited and limited to the High Wycombe based population and online respondents only. In fact, thither is no indication that the sample in this study is representative of the broader population.Th e third limitation of this research is the fact that the appealingness of selective information took place at ingredienticular period of time. Thus, there is no guarantee that the received responses would be significative of responses requested and given at other time. There is also a possibility that other issues, remaining outside of the researchers control (time of day, recent conflicts, setting, or tiredness of the respondents) might influence the answers (Laurel, 2003).Description of thesis organisationThe research consists of five chapters. The root one shapes the area of interest and delineates the examined problem. The research questions are introduced, the studys limitations are reference pointised and the selected methodology is generally and briefly discussed.The second chapter reviews literature on authenticity and neo music production techniques, peculiarly relating to those basing on digital sound changing.The third chapter discusses the studys methodology, the strategies used for collection of primary and secondary data, as well as concludes with a rationalization of the defined selections, recognising some indispensable boundaries.The fourth chapter presents the studys discoveries as updated by the primary and secondary data collection and answers the research questions described in the first chapter. Responses to the research questions evaluated in the first chapter and an investigation on the accuracy of the research assumptions are presented in the findings.The fifth occasion chapter concluded the research and defines the studys recommendations.ConclusionAs described in this chapter, the studys subject shall be the relationship between digitally based music production techniques and authenticity of an artists craft. The next chapter presents the literature reviewed for this study.CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE2.1 first appearanceThis chapter reviews the literature on authenticity and contemporary music production techniques. A lthough there is a wealth of literature on the subject of authenticity, very some focus ones on the process of the formation of recorded music, while none exploits the correlation between an artists craft authenticity and modern audio production. Instead, and as will be seen throughout this review, the majority of studies consider the socio-cultural aspect of perceiving artists authenticity by fans and theorists of music, as well as the historical one.2.2 Authenticity in the history of popular musicThe early theorists of popular music warned against the expanding mass consuming culture that offered artificial art, considered to be inauthentic. For example, Walter Benjamin stated his predictions concerning the world of art and music as uniformed by mass production and with no perspectives for any heterogeneity (1935). Before the growth of the culture oriented industry, musical styles and practices were less influenced by what is considered entertaining and instead they were develop ing independently, aiming for pure expression of the art. Then, the rise of the business, led to the standardisation of popular culture, which was influenced by its modernisation and industrialization (Adorno, 1991). In other words, the industry started to apply fixed formulas to the music, considering them to make it more entertaining and and then more give carely to be consumed by more people.Such an approach from the industrys side, led the fans to start missing more honest and integral cultural expressions, and thus, to seek for more genuine, traditional alternative. This was often build in folk music, as by the specifications of it, folk has been developed traditionally as an expression of peoples lives and experiences in different manner than popular culture (Gardner, 2005). Because people were searching for identity and integrity, that would distinguish themselves from the masses, the industry started to adopt different genres, marketing them as more soulful and real opti ons (Sloop and Herman, 1998).It was not only the industry standards that influenced perceiving music as inauthentic. Together with the technological development, people started using amplified electric guitars or electronic instruments, such as synthesisers, which led to a division of music listeners (Moore, 2002). This was quickly adopted by the industry, which appeared to separate music clubs between traditional and contemporary ones. The situation was as serious as the traditionally oriented venues tended to refuse to accept a performer who used modern technology as part of the performance (Boyes, 1993).2.3 What is authenticityAlthough the idea of authenticity is explained differently in variety of sources, most of them present equal view that the definition if very subjective. Allan Moore for example, presents a set of value terms that are identified with authenticity real, honest, truthful, with integrity, actual, genuine, essential and sincere (2002). Also gigabit and Pearso n specify the requirements of authentic rock of the 1980s, wherein the fundamental role of artists was to represent the culture from which they come, speaking the truth of their situations and using particular type of instrumentation (1999). In other words, these theorists claim that authenticity is not any fixed confederacy of musical sounds or set of lyrical content, but it refers to the artist or the whole of their performance as a matter of interpretation, which should be made from cultural and therefore historical position (Rubidge, 1996). Thus, it is not the integral part of a performance, but some issue that can be assigned to one, meaning that the choice whether it is authentic or not, depends on who the one is.Moore considers the rock discourse to be the one frequently referring to authenticity in the textual and musical spheres. He argued that it is the style of writing and performing that made the audience decide of its authenticity, and that it particularly referred to the vocalist (2002). What also should be noted is the attributes of an artists intimacy and immediacy, that indicate authenticity, meaning that one should uncover their feelings and experiences in unmediated shape and with the purity of sound production (Moore, 2002). Grossberg goes further by stating that the difference between the authentic and the inauthentic lies at bottom the conception that an artist has in the musical expression. Whether it is the art itself, the universe or the income driven by this, defines the authentic as the opposite of commercial (1992). Thus, in order to classify the integrate, the performers realism and lack of pretence have to be examined (Moore, 2002).2.3.1 First soulfulness authenticityThe fundamental form of authenticity that was introduced by Charles Taylor (1997) as an expression that can be delimitated in an initiatory instance, which Moore later describes as immediacy of expression (2002). This concept has also been reviewed by Bohlman, who identifies the authentic as the constant demonstration of the stylistic genesis, which means the purity of practice (1988). In other words, he presents his idea of an authentic artist as the one whose musical style remains truehearted to the origins of the genre.On the other hand, Grossberg (1992) indicates the honesty of experience as the main determinant of authenticity, meaning the lyrical content of the song expressing real experiences of an artist. Both Bohlmans and Grossbergs views are back up by Redhead, who claims that real instruments (referring to the purity of practice) should go along real feelings the artistic transparency and loyalty to the roots of music in sexual union with a genuine message (1990).Walser argues that even technological mediation, for example use of signal modifiers or amplification, is synonymous to pretence, pointing at artificiality and thus inauthenticity of an act (1993). Such an approach is related to Taylors authenticity of positionalit y, which describes the authenticity of musicians who reject to get influenced by the commercial music, for example by implementing the style of Western musicians by non-Western ones (1997).Wiseman-Trowse underlines another aspect of the immediate performance, which is the stage one, where an artist has actual opportunity to shoot the audience, as opposed to the recorded performance (2008). On stage it is possible for a listener to compare both recorded and live ones, as well as for an artist to convert the listeners perception on authenticity of the performance. On this basis one can decide whether it is the genuine artistic skill that is present on a recording, or rather a result of the work of a skilful producer (Auslander, 1999).As Moore underlines the concept of the first person authenticity, all of the above understandings of the term are connected by the direction towards they lead. This entails the perception on authenticity that is implemented by the personal interpretatio n made by an entity being a part of the audience (2002). In other words, the first person authenticity occurs when a performer is received by an individual as an integral one who expresses their art in an unmediated way.2.3.2 Third person authenticityForns distinguishes three types of authenticity social, subjective and meta ones. They differ with regard to the act of brain first is made by a particular community, second depends on the individual, while the last one is evidenced by the consideration of the performer or the author of lyrics (1995). Although meta-authenticity is described as an act of validation made by the author, this side of the subject is also present in the other two types. According to Grossberg, the authentic performer ask to express their let feelings, which are simultaneously shared with the public (1992).This type of authenticity is ideate by adopting the original blues music style, deriving from the economically unretentive Mississippi delta, to the 19 60s movement represented by artists like Cream. The skirt used to play a cover song of Robert Johnson, Crossroads. Even though Cream did not grow neither over the Mississippi area, nor in the 1930s, they found themselves identifying with the song (Coleman, 1994). This allowed them to express themselves through reproducing Johnsons art and remaining authentic (at least in their own opinion).The third person authenticity is supported by Vaughan Williams, who claims that the artist can never create from the state of faultless independence, without any influence of earlier musical acts. Thus, the musician needs predecessors in order to base the artistic experience on them (1987).Thus, the third person authenticity occurs if a performing artist successfully represents the ideas, experiences and feelings of another.2.3.3 Second person authenticityGrossberg specifies another type of authenticity that, as opposed to the first and third person ones, is being justified by the artists capabi lity to successfully express the experiences of the listeners (1992). Thus, it is the audience that recognises the authentic by basing on their own feelings and thoughts that are presented by an artist. Moore exemplifies this approach by mentioning the 1980s rock scene, which was dominated by synthesisers. The dedication to traditional rock was therefore exposed by the focus on the guitar based instrumentation used by the bands like U2, striking Country, Simple Minds, The Alarm or Bruce Springsteen, who derive from socially disadvantaged areas. By using the guitar, that was easily reachable, they tried to metaphorically escape from their reality (2002). This means, that it is culturally constructed process of artists authentication made by the audience that seeks for the validation of their own experiences in art.2.3.4 Authenticity as a renewable resourceRichard Peterson (1997) introduced the concept of authenticity as a renewable resource, claiming that it is renovated with every era and amplification of popular music with its production. He states that the shifting conditions are reflected by the meaning of authenticity, which is defined by a collective argumentation of fans, performers and producers. It is argued that authenticity is not inseparable in the recording, or a performance, which intend to be authentic by design. In popular culture, the particulars of the words meaning are not controlled by specialists and authorities it aims to be credible qualified to a straightforward model and simultaneously remain original. In other words, it has to fit within fixed framework, not being an imitation of it at the same time. Thus, what is authentic, varies unendingly renewing all the time and never remaining static.However, Robert Gardner (2005) disagrees with the generalisation of authenticity as renewable resource. He points out that even the genre on which Peterson has based his research, should not be considered authentic in the contemporary state of i t, having been deprived of its integral roots, which displays for example on ABCs Monday Night Football, which uses Hank Williams Jrs prow song.2.4 Digital audioTodays recording systems, like Pro Tools, Cuebase or Logic, are using the digital way of sound capturing. It is then saved as samples, which are small bits that recorded sound consists of. Frank D. Cook describes sound samples as analogical to pixels in digitally saved images (2009). In order to understand digital audio, it is grievous to present what sound essentially is. When a gracious ear hears a sound, it in fact experiences variations of the air force per unit area around it. These are result of vibrations of objects, that are moving in cycles. If the object is vibrating at a frequency that falls within the range of human earshot, we perceive it as a sound (Cook, 2009, p 21). The actual character of the sound depends on the waveform, frequency and the vibrations amplitude.2.4.1 WaveformThe waveform is the very thin g that creates the humans perception on the shape of the sound. This means that one can find out what is the source of the sound, as every object vibrates differently, handsome the waveform the distinctive nature and tone (Cook, 2009).2.4.2 FrequencyHuman hearing has the range of approximately 20 and 20000 cycles (the whole back-and-forth vibrations) per second, measured in cps (Hz). This determines the deport of the sound, where lower frequencies generate lower sounds while higher frequencies produce higher tack togetheres (Cook, 2009). For example, the frequency of 130 Hz is assigned to the musical note C3, whereas the semitone lower B2 names the frequency of 123 Hz.2.4.3 AmplitudeThe book sensed by the human ear depends on the pressure or strong suit of the sound variations and is measured in decibels (dB). Thus, the sound becomes louder as the amplitude of vibrations increases. For example, the loudness of a regular conversation is 60 dB. In order to twin the loudness, t he amplitude would have to be increased to 70 dB (Cook, 2009).2.5 groundbreaking studio production techniquesDan Daley suggests that listening to the recorded vocals on the radio nowadays brings to mind the increasing popularity of guitar effects in the 1970s, when fuzz, distortion, flanging and wah-wah processors overwhelmed traditional sounding guitars (2003). As it was argued then, whether the non-purist approach is inauthentic or rather an artistic expression of modernity, it is problematic if changing recorded vocals or instruments digitally can be perceived as genuine representation of art (Daley, 2003).The turning point of manner of speaking chastening technique came along Chers single Believe in 1998, on which digital vocal processing has been not only used, but made very noticeable. Since then, the number of artists using these features is continuously increasing, as well as there are more and more ways of using them, even to the point of intentional distortion of reco rded sound (Daley, 2003).2.5.1 Pitch correctionThe pitch correction feature, easy by both DAW plug-ins as well as standalone programs allows automatic or manual change of recorded sounds pitch. The most common use of pitch correction is fixing a vocal performance if a singer sings a false note, the digital technology allows the producer to fix it quickly, without another take. There are two ways of correcting pitch. Automatic mode usually lets the user to choose a musical scale according to which both flat and sharp notes should be corrected. Manual mode provides a graph of the notes that allows the producer to change the pitch of separate sounds manually, by moving the graphical representation of them up and cut out (Bartlett and Bartlett, 2009).2.5.2 Elastic audioHuber and Runstein point out another feature that provided by digital technology. Elastic audio allows the change of the timing of recorded sound (2009), for example fixing a guitarists performance, who might have recor ded a solo slower than the actual song and then speed it up. This tool does not only generate a change of a tracks speed, but also each sound can be stretched or shrunk independently and manually by the producer (Huber and Runstein, 2009). Such a tool can repair a poor performance that is out of time and make it sound technically perfect.2.6 Contemporary production techniques and authenticityAn American singer and songwriter, Neko Case, expressed her views on auto-tune in the interview for Pitchfork. She claims that singing is not important anymore, as instead bad singing is fixed by the producer (2006). Case also argues that an artist who uses shift correction on vocals cannot be taken seriously, losing all the integrity. Moreover, the singer clearly points out that an artists craft needs more work and thus, those who do not spend this extra moment in the studio trying to hit the note are not valid (Case, 2006).Allison Moore, a singer from Nashville, goes one step further in her p roclaiming approximately using modern production tools on records. She put a sticker on the front cover of her LP release, Miss Fortune, which states Absolutely no vocal tuning or pitch-correction was used in the making of this record (2002). She is a keen supporter of the view that albums should be recorded and entangled in the old way, that is becoming progressively rare (Daley, 2003).On the other hand, the guitarist of The White Stripes, The Raconteurs and The Dead Weather, Jack White argues that pop artists, like Britney Spears can be more authentic than Tom Waits or tail Dylan (2009). His rationale for such a controversial opinion was that he finds more authentic an artist whose musical expression is made the way they shell know and feel. In other words, White points out that in the modern music world somebody who has grown listening mainly to pop (thus commercial, manufactured and by definition inauthentic) music, knows it as their primary way of articulating feelings and experiences and therefore is not pretentious, which leads to perceiving them as authentic (2009).Some genres can be more focused on the authentic side of studio recording. An example of such an approach is Pearl Jam, representing grunge music. The bands drummer, Matt Cameron called their album Riot toy is an anti-Pro Tools record Its more interesting hearing musicians in a board playing hard, with the tempo fluctuating slightly as the band heats up. ne plus ultra is boring (2009). He pointed out a epochal thing about the modern technology by recalling one of the most popular DAWs as a synonym of commercial and unreal music.Josh Binder argues that the features of pitch/timing of a recorded track does not have to be used only as a tool for fixing a bad performance. This young producer, who has been learning his profession in the world that has already accepted the existence of digital retuning, claims that he uses Auto-Tune (one of the leading digital tools used for pitch correcti on) to enrich the vocal sound of even a absolutely sung track (2009).An engineer, Michael Brauer, applies no limitations in terms of using available technologies to make a good-sounding record. He states that he is employed for the purpose of component to make songs that can be sold, regardless of the artists abilities (2009). Nevertheless, he still believes that one needs talent to be an artist and if they cannot sing or play at all, no technology can help them (2009).2.7 ConclusionThe subject of authenticity alone has generated vast amount of theoretical angles of consideration. This has been motivated by the very nature of it, assuming that perception of what is honest, genuine or integral depends on the actual perceiver. Moreover, three basic ways of interpreting the authentic have been specified, which determined further research direction.Furthermore, the digital music production techniques have been described, clarifying how recorded sound can be changed or fixed by contempo rary recording and mixing tools. The chapter also presented different perceptions on the relationship between digital production techniques and authenticity of an artists craft.Chapter terzetto describes the methodology used for this study. A review of the studys purpose and investigated questions was presented. This is followed by an outline of the research design and the survey instrument used for it, along with the procedures for data collection and analysis.CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY3.0 IntroductionThis chapter reflects the studys selected research methodology. As will be seen, the methodology is the subject of the purpose of this study and is supported by the evaluation of the most beneficial approach responding to the research questions. As such, this chapter presents the purpose of the study, the research questions and hypothesis, as well as discusses the data collection and data analysis procedures and the limitations of the research.3.1 Purpose of the studyThe purpose of this study is to examine the concept of authenticity with specific focus on its perception as influenced by applying digital studio production techniques. The reason for doing so is determining what impact changing the recorded sound has on authenticity of an artists craft. To fulfil this purpose, it was significant to review literature on authenticity, as well as on contemporary music production techniques. This necessitated an exploration of the nature of perceiving authenticity by music fans, producers (record manufacturers), as well as artists themselves. At the same time it was important to explore the ways in which recorded sound, being the performance can be edited, fixed and generally changed. All of this was done in order to fulfil the primary purpose of the study, which was the identification of the influence modern production practices can have on authenticity of an artists skill.As it can be presumed from the above, the current research has an instructive purpose. According to Silverman, the aim for explanatory research is needed to define an occurrence or make a complex subject comprehensible (2006). This can be done by clarifying the correlations between variables. The purpose of the study aims to explain th

Causes And Effects Of Market Failure Economics Essay

Causes And Effects Of securities industry ill luck Economics EssayIn relation of the securities industry performance, m any(prenominal) things are well d wiz, but non everything is d wholeness well. First of all, we assumed that merchandises are competitory. In some markets, a depraveer or sellers capacity be having a right to apply market expenditures. This ability to influence termss is called market power. Market power raft cause markets to be inefficient because it keeps the value and total away from the stableness of hang on and affect. Market misfortune happen when resources are inefficiently al located due(p) to imperfections in the market structure , in the world the decisions of buyers and sellers sometimes put on people who are non participants in the markets at all. Pollution is the holy example of a market outcome that affects peoples non in the market such side effect called externalities. Market power and externalities are examples of a general phenomenon called market failure. When market fail common form _or_ system of organization dismiss potentially remedy the problem and increase economical efficiency. In this subject governments go out interference where some form of market failure is fetching part. Allocate efficiency means nifty resource assignation, when we force out non make any consumer better off without making some former(a) consumer worse off. Moreover, an allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and rearr surplus is said to be efficient. The balance of try and demand maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus. That is, the invisible hand of the marketplace leads buyers and sellers to allocate resources. Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market failures such as market power or externalities. Policymakers are a great deal concerned with the efficiency as well as the equity of economic outcomes. This approach looks at the given resources and tries to get the most output from them and it withal means that firms sell at a fair determine to consumers that forge the real resource use.Market failure is a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlywhenfreely-functioning markets, operating(a) without government intervention . Therefore, economic effiencywelfare whitethorn not be maximized. This will leads to a loss of economic efficiency. When market fail,government policy intervention clear potentially remedy the problem and increase economic efficiency,may also lead to an inefficient allocation of resources.Causes of Market reversePublic GoodsPublic hots are properties or facilities that so-and-so be utilize up by many consumers instantaneously withoutreducing the worth of ingestion to any consumers. Therefore, usual safe(p) is non-rivaland non-excludable. That is a consumer cannot be stopped from down the good whether ornot the one-on-one(a) dumbfound a bun in the ovens for it. Realistically, non-rival means that the individual demand archs aresummed perpendicularly to get the aggregate demand frizzle for the unexclusive good if each(prenominal) of thoseconsumers has a demand curve for a public good (shown as the augur 7.1).Consider Good with Identical meld supplicate is a public good. (i.e., Moon Lakes Water Quality)Figure 7.1acclivity Aggregate Demand for Public GoodAggregate demand is summed vertically of individual demand curves in the market for a public good.The summed vertically of individual demand curves because all individuals can enjoy a kindred publicgood. Hence, for every peripheral unit of Moon Lakes urine propertyaggregate demand = the total of consumer value for the unitNon-Rival and Market miseryFigure 7.3Public Good showed that the market price is not everlastingly in an efficiency condition becausethe a public good is neer used up. P=MC cannot be the proportion price of body of water quality because the indi viduals would not exit for anyimprovement in water quality. Individual would only spend for Q2, and because of Q2 take of water quality would not be met. Thus, the well-disposed optimal solution would be to offer Q* and defeat each individual a unit price same to the individuals bare(a) value at Q* or P1* and P2*.The lavishlyer demand of consumer will spend a bountifulr amount than the consumer with a pass up willingnessto spend for the goods or services (refers to the shaded areas).The reasons of inefficiency occurs in supplying public goods is that, unlike price, quantity is not aneffective market mechanism For a given quantity, individuals will not automatically self-select their optimum price, but will insteadwish to pay the lowest price practicable when they cannot be excluded from consuming the good.Non-Excludability and Market FailureThe primary cause of market failure involving public goods is non-excludable. Non-excludability meansthat the producer of a public good cannot pr stillt individuals from consuming it. Non-excludability is arelative, not an absolute, characteristic of most public goods. A good is normally termed non-excludable ifthe terms of excluding individuals from consuming the good are very high. Private markets always down the stairsproduce non-excludable public goods because individuals go for the incentive to free ride, or to not payfor the advantages they get from consuming the public good. With a free-rider problem, private firmscannot profit sufficient revenues from selling the public good to induce them to produce the sociallyoptimal level of the public good.Figure 7.4Optimal Provision of a Non-excludable Public Good, The Free-Rider Problem, andMarket FailurePubD1 = Demand of one individual for public good X.D2 = gist Demand of two individuals for public good X.D3 = Total Demand of three individuals for public good X.D4 = Total Demand of quartette individuals for public good X.MC = Marginal cost of providing the publ ic good X.The socially optimal level of public good X with quatern consumers is X4. (Note that the optimal level of thepublic good with a very large number of individuals is X max.) Because ofnon-excludability, markets may fail to stick out X4.Under private markets, each individual may wait forthe new(prenominal)s to purchase the public good so that he/she can free-ride. In this case, the private market mayprovide no public good, because no one is willing to purchase it. For example, if individual decidesto purchase (and the early(a)s free-ride), the private market will provide a level of the public good adequate toX1, where the borderline benefit of the purchasing individual equals to the marginal cost of producing thepublic good. Notice that this is much less than the optimal level of provision of the public good, X4.Cause of market failureMarket Failure is when a good is either over or under produced in a free market due to its externalities or other properties. This means that its ability to be used by more than one person at the same time, without any extra costs, makes it an unsuitable good to be produced by commercial suppliers. When demand is spurned, less will be produced, making the market fail. For an example, when a government subsidies for everyone to have enough of trusted good or service, this is a market failure because demand even so exists but supply is no longer limited for everyone who gets that harvest-feast.Externalities are usually in all field of economic activity. Externalities are defined as third party or spill-over, the effects of production and usage activities not directly reflected in the market. Negative externalities causes market failure because the graphs have failed to saloon true products within the society. Failed to allocate resources efficiently and has overproduced goods with negative spillover effects.Negative externalitiesFor example, the consumption of gasoline produces a negative externality in that peo ple who do not use it (own a car) share the costs of the air taint for which it is responsible. Negative externalities are also property rights problems. Social cost is equal to private cost to the firm of producing the gasoline plus the external cost to those bystanders affected by the pollution. Therefore, social cost exceeds the private cost remunerative by producers.. price Social CostSupply (private cost)Demand (private value)Q optimum Qmarket QuantityFigure 1Figure 1 shows, the supply curve does not reflect the true cost of producing gasoline, the market will produce more gasoline than is optimal.Solving the negative externalities problemTop of stressBottom of FormGovernment develop a product price via using taxes onto the consumption of that particular good. Due to the increase of taxation, consumption will decrease because fewer people will be willing to buy at a higher price, since the tax on the product may be more expensive than before. Furthermore, when the tax is inc reasing, this will cause the businesses to compete with each other on their prices. On the other hand, thither might be some underground business causes products are expensive. The government can particularly tax certain private parties to reduce the amount of marginal private cost in order for it to equal to the marginal social cost for a negative production externality. By taxing a party, they will have a higher cost when producing their goods. Taxation can also provide a source of payment for public goods. e.g. we wouldnt have roads without taxes to pay for them. When a good has a positive externality, the government will often create a subsidy to reduce the effects of a market failure. This means that the government will give bills to the party that produces this positive externality, in order to encourage production. When subsidies are given, the producers have more money to produce their goods. This will increase production, bringing the marginal private benefits closer to m arginal social benefits, decreasing the positive externality, and because stopping market failure.One of the reasons contributing to a market failure is the unequal separation of market power. Market power means how fond is the firms influence on the market outcome, for example, the price of a good. Among all possible market condition, the one with most unequal market power would the monopoly market. A monopoly market means that the market has only one producer producing the goods, there is no other source of same or similar goods in the market. In this case, the particular producer would have absolute power to insure the price of the good in the market because consumers have no other choice but to buy the goods from that monopoly firm. The worst situation occurs when the goods sold in this particular market is basic necessary goods for the public, this is because the Price Elasticity of Demand (PED) for the good is so low, that the market would not be able to suffice to the dr astic change of price, if there is any.PriceQuantityQ0S1S2DDS1 faulting to S26895Figure 1Figure 1 show that, the effects on the market outcomes when the demand curve is inelastic and supply curve is shifting to the left (from S1 to S2). The total expense increases from $40 to $45 after the firm raises the price from $5 to $9, even though the quantity traded decreases from 8 units to 6 units. If the market were a competitive market, such situation will not happen because as in short as the producer increases the price of good, consumers would switch their consumption onto similar goods produced by other producers in the market.When there is a market failure, government is then needed to interfere and hence improve the market outcome. A good way to prevent monopolization of an industry is via taking legal actions, for example, in South Korea, a Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act is introduced on 31/12/1980. The act was introduced to promote competition among firms and to protect the consumers in the country, hence providing the country a stable and balanced development o economics. Under this act, any social club that attempts to combine with another family, regardless the bear upon is done through merging, acquisition of stocks, business take-over, or any other method would be considered as breaking the law and legal actions would be taken by the government. This particular government policy would have a great effect on stopping markets to develop into oligopoly market or a monopoly market, however, in some cases the government actually gave a company the power to monopolize the business. In Malaysia, an electrical energy supplying company called Tenaga bailiwick Berhad (TNB) was appointed by the government to be the only official electricity supplier in the country, this was due to the high entry bounty and bread and butter fees to run an electricity supplying company, companies other than TNB were unable to bear the high cost and hence the governme nt appointed TNB as the only electricity supplier in the country and subsidy was provided to the company to reduce the cost. Of range in this case another law called price cap was employ to hold the price of electricity bills in the country, and to prevent exploitation of the company on the residents in the country.Government PoliciesPrice ControlPrice go over is government interference in markets in which lawful restrictions are located on the prices charged. The two primary forms of price work are price traumatize and price ceiling. Price ceiling is a legal utmost on the price at which a good be sold. Price floor is a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold. Price controls en force on an otherwise proficient and competitive market create imbalances (shortage or surplus) which leadineffectiveness. However, enforcing price controls on a market that fails to reachproficient (due to public goods, externalities, or incomplete information) can actual riseefficienc y. Price controls have widely used to decrease ostentatiousness in economy.-Price CeilingFigure 8.1Pricing and quantity effects of a binding price ceiling on RentalFrom the figure 8.1, an equilibrium, Eo is occurs when supply curve intersects with demand curve in the free market. The initial price on rental is Po and quantity is Qo when the equilibrium is occurs. Rental control is a price ceiling on rent.According to rental control in New York, when the government enforced maximum price is lower than markets equilibrium price, as shown by the binding price ceiling in figure 8.1. Graphically, the price of rental decrease from Po to P1. Sellers can no longer charge the price the market demands but are forced to meet the ceiling price set by the government.A ceiling price can make sellers away from the market (decreases the supplied resources), while the lower price increases the consumers demand. Hence, the quantity of supply reduces from Qo to Q1 while the quantity of demand increas es from Qo to Q2. When DDSS, the ceiling is a binding constraint on the price and causes a shortages. A number of consumers willing to experience a long line for the product when they need to purchase. Sometimes governments merge price ceilings with government rationing programs to go out the market will allocate the supply of goods efficiently.-Price FloorsFigure 8.2Pricing and quantity effects of a price floor on Wagelower limit Wage is approaching record lows in the United States. If no one earns any money except for one person, who earns all of the money, then the income diffusion would be perfectly unequal. Governments make an effort to stop the poor from getting poorer, and the rich from getting richer in order to achieve an equilibrium in income distribution. tokenish wage laws have its greatest impact on the market for unskilled workers.Minimum Wage is one of the price floors in market. Minimum wage laws establish the lowest price of wages that all employers must(prenom inal) pay for grok. The quantity of supplied labor is higher than the quantity demanded in the tralatitious minimum wage model. According to the figure 8.2, Minimum wage, P2 is above equilibrium price, Po and quantity, Qo when supply curve intersect with demand curve. Labor supplied and labor demanded can be prevented from shifting toward equilibrium price and quantity. Hence, surplus is occurs between quantity of demand, Q1 and quantity of supply, Q2. Minimum wage levels become the price floor and wages cannot fall below the floor price.Conclusion

Early Years Education and Children With Disabilities

archaean Years Education and Children With DisabilitiesPartnership and corporation e.g. received Start or machinate paymentIntroductionThe local anesthetic anaesthetic presidential term Act of 2000 requires whole local authorities to consult with all an other(prenominal) appropriate bodies when they ar considering strategies for education and c atomic number 18 in the community. This military strength to service provision is termed partnership. The Local Authority may call on representatives from service providers, businesses, the voluntary sphere of influence, and community groups, as they see fit in order to provide a joined-up go about to c be in the community. This approach applies to health operate, community and social c be services, job centres and education. Such local strategic partnership should as well as involve, and take on board the views of, forces in the community. Partnerships that be formed in aras where social deprivation, social ejection and hea lth inequalities exist leave behind need to examine ways of extensioning much(prenominal) problems within that community.1Participation refers to the part played by individuals in a community in end making within local partnerships. rime of governing departments, voluntary sector organisations, and community groups are in bargain that kidskinren and immature people should sop up more involvement in decision making, in this way they participate in the plans for their future. It is envisaged that such(prenominal) conjunction result lead to change that benefits young people and the wider community.2 The Children and Young Peoples Participation Project (CHYPP) believes that involving young people in the decision plow entrust only be achieved through effective partnership working.3 Partnership, as already outlined, and incorporated in the Sure Start initiative agency that the information on a child and its family leave behind be dual-lane with other professionals. The Childrens Trust Phase 1 report run aground that some professionals were concerned about information sharing because of entropy security. Parents, however, were in favour of greater co-operation between agencies and of information sharing providing the security of data was protected.This paper bequeath assess Government discourses of partnership and conflict by looking at the inclusion of children with disabilities in the too soon eld sector and whether this is ruff achieved through initiatives such as Surestart or through Direct Payments.The early geezerhood of a childs life are the most important in terms of their general well being, their frantic and social development, and their physical, intellectual and emotional growth. A really high residual of what children learn takes place in the first five to seven old age of life. Children, whether or not they expect disabilities, develop at different rates. What happens in the home is extremely important to development in ea rly childhood. thither is likewise a growing perception that this is a time when children are most open to high quality dole out and learning experiences. In light of this Government bedevil developed policy for the early years that aims to provide a full and comprehensive range of services for the very young. In line with its initiatives on social inclusion the Government also encourages a more integrated approach to services for children with disabilities or other particular inevitably.In 1999 Early Years Development and child condole with Partnerships were stripe up in each local authority to promote the amplification of early years education. Delivery of services was to be co-ordinated through Sure Start, local authorities and voluntary organisations.The Government instald Sure Start Childrens centres in the most deprived areas. These were designed to combine nursery provision, practice information and family jump out on one site.The Sure Start Childrens Centre progra mme is based on the concept that providing integrated education, care, family support and health services are key factors in determining easily outcomes for children and their parents. The concept itself is not a new one. Sure Start Childrens Centres are about building on existing good practice, kind of than starting afresh.4At Sure Start Centres under the new regulations parents go forth be able to access all the information they need and will be able to participate in the decisions that affect them and their children. However, the plan to introduce multi-agency working throughout childhood and to document young peoples progress from early years on into the workforce suggests increasing government control of peoples lives. The document Every Child Matters pledges an put across of the early years sector and more and better provision.5 These policies were introduced in an hear to encourage greater participation and combat social ejection, however it is Billingtons (2000) cont ention that current practice tends to pathologise rather than celebrate and incorporate difference. business leader relations that are reproduced in the everyday actiones of social interaction which are generated by governments and institutions need to be resisted as they tend to support the pathologising of difference.In November 2005 the first piece of legislation relating to early years provision the childcare Bill was introduced in Parliament. to a lower place this Bill parents panorama of high quality childcare and childrens services for the under fives will become enshrined in law.The Bill aims to achieve greater user participation and flag the parents of children with disabilities more say in the provision of care. Nutbrown (2004) suggests that the multitude of early years policy developments in the UK in recent years have had an impact on the effective inclusion of children with disabilities or other special educational take into pre-school settings. Under the 1970 C hronically Sick and incapacitate Persons Act social services have a profession to find out who are the people with disabilities, how many there are in their area and what help it can give people. It also has a duty to publish details of its services and to inform clients of their rights in relation to such services.6 The 1995 DDA covers everyone with a mental or physical disability. The needs of disable children are also covered by legislation relating to special educational needs (sen) as identified in the 1996 Education Act. All LEAs and educational settings have duties under this act. SEN duties are integrated with the duties defined in the DDA which focuses on the remotion of barriers, increased access and prevention of discrimination. The 1996 Education Act specifies that all those professionals heterogeneous with the needs of a child are required to provide advice to LEAs so that they can make decisions about a childs educational needs and placement. The Act states thatDis abled children should not be treated slight favourably than other children.Ad providedments should be made to accommodate disabled children in the settingIncrease access to the physical environmentThe curriculum essential be accessible to disabled childrenIntegrated partnership working to chink continuity for disabled childrenRegular suss out of policies and practice to anticipate and address barriers for disabled children.Despite such legislation not all childcare centres are equipped to deal with the needs of children with disabilities and numbers of them do not have sufficient funding for a designated SENCO to address the needs of such children.Government claim that the new Childcare Bill means that parents will be able to choose the services that best suit their needs. They will be able to access services provided through Surestart Centres even though they may not live an area covered by Surestart. Under the terms of the Bill all Local regime must break the well-being of yo ung children and reduce inequalities in relation to Being intelligent physical and mental health and emotional well-beingStaying safe shelter from harm and neglectEnjoying and achieving education, training and recreationMaking a substantiating contribution to society support for the vulnerable and positive outlooks accessible and scotch well-being parents in employmentIntegrated early childhood services must include Early years provision (integrated childcare and early education)Social servicesRelevant health services e.g. health visitors, ante-natal, post-natal careServices provided by Jobcentre Plus to assist parents to obtain work knowledge services (under the revised duty in clause 12) (Every Child Matters Childcare Bill 20052).The Bill promises to put early childhood education at the centre of Local Authority Activity. Targeted Surestart funding will be utilise so that child centres can be sustained for the long term. then giving more resources to local communities t o tailor these services to meet the needs of local people. The Bill states that Local Authorities will need to have specific regard for the childcare element of Working Tax citation and for childcare that is suitable for disabled children (Childcare Bill, 20054). The Authority will need to review the childcare needs of everyone in their area while paying particular proposition attention to the needs of those families who may have a child with disabilities. The Government is determined, through its introduction of Childcare Trusts, to encourage greater participation of families and young people in the decision making process.Under the Health and Social Care Act 2001, following assessment parents of children with disabilities are entitled to come up to payments in lieu of social services in an attempt to give them greater choice and flexibility in the care of their children. In 2003 parents of children with special needs were issued with a guidance booklet on how to get the best val ue in care and services and how to interview and employ carers themselves. Families with disabled children would also be entitled to a key worker so that they have one point of contact for information regarding their entitlement and choice of care. Government guidelines recommend that the best way of use Direct Payments should be intractable by Local Authority Partnership schemes and participating users who would then fade up a plan that best suited their local needs. The Guidelines also recommend that Authorities produce promotional material with respect to the benefits of using Direct Payments. Parents who have children with disabilities and who use direct payments to access services are still entitled to regular assessments of their situation by the Local Authority. final stageRecent policy making encourages partnership between organisations and greater participation of service users in decision making. At the same time such policies might be viewed by some social workers as j ust another form of social control where Government and other agencies taste control over peoples lives from the cradle to the grave. Although Government are providing more childcare and more inclusive measures for those families who may have children with disabilities, and this is to be applauded, other aspects of this policy making may result in the exclusion of those who most need help.While the Government maintains (Direct Payments Guidelines 2003) that people will have a choice whether to receive Direct payments or to access care through social services, at the same time it is incumbent on Local Authorities to increase the number of people in pass along of Direct Payment and this will be monitored by the Government. It is arguably the role that Direct Payments are just another move in the process of dismantling welfare provision in this country. Monitory Local Authorities in this way is usually a result of budgetary concerns and so it seems fair to postulate the Government a re cutting costs under the banner of providing greater choice.Referenceshttp//www.surestart.gov.uk/surestartservices/settings/surestartchildrenscentres/http//66.102.9.104/search?q= hoardPV4FziMsekYJwww.rcu.gov.uk/articles/news/everychildmatters.pdf+every+child+mattershl=enhttp//www.after16.org.uk/pages/law5.htmlhttp//www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1133744http//www.participationworks.org.uk/Categories/Findoutabouttheimpactofparticipation/tabid/76/Default.aspxBillington, T. 2000 Separating, Losing and Excluding Children Narratives of Difference New York, Routledge.Nutbrown, C. 2004 ed. Research Studies in Early Childhood Education London, Trentham Books11 http//www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=11337442 http//www.participationworks.org.uk/Categories/Findoutabouttheimpactofparticipation/tabid/76/Default.aspx3 http//www.participationworks.org.uk/AboutParticipationWorks/tabid/58/Default.aspx4 http//www.surestart.gov.uk/surestartservices/settings/surestartchildrenscentres/5 http//66.102.9.104/se arch?q=cachePV4FziMsekYJwww.rcu.gov.uk/articles/news/everychildmatters.pdf+every+child+mattershl=en6 http//www.after16.org.uk/pages/law5.html

Shakespeares Language in his Works Essay -- essays research papers

Shakespeares run intos are full of references to what is now obscure- classical myth, falconry, astrology, or the speculation of humors that were thought to determine personality within so many of his characters (?S??Far?). Shakespeare wrote about themes and stock-stillts we great deal relate to even now near 500 years later. He wrote about us-you and me, our friends, our families, the people we work with and play with and suggest with and go to bed with, the characters we see on the evening news and select to public office often times comparisons are often scary (Seder iii). Shakespeare overly liked to make fun of many of his characters. His plays show that he can be funny and has a humorous personality, often times even in his tragedies in which tears would flow from not only first tho from laughter. Shakespeare is full of humor, not only the broad clowning of the likes of Falstaff, but the deft little jabs and needles, sly and subtle jests found in his vocabulary ( Seder iv). The meanings of interchanges Shakespeare used obtain changed and some have totally disappeared. The volume ?bootless to Shakespeare did not mean lacking footwear, but useless or meaningless? (?So?..Far?). In our time we use expressions like LOL and IDK that hold water for ?laugh out loud? and ?I don?t write out or understand? when writing text messages or instant messages. If these expressions were during Shakespeare?s time the people would not have understood their meaning. Another such(prenominal) expressions could be ?Cool beans? that basically means ?this is neat.? Terms that Shakespeare used have either fallen out of use or have several(predicate) meanings, thus confusing the reader if he or she is not well-known(prenominal) with the Shakespearean style of writing. A great example of a word meaning chan... ...iting letters or messages and sometimes you will hear a person say ?tis?. It is amazing to look at the influence that he has contributed to our world and language today. He even has influence on catamenia plays and movies and even poems. Shakespeare also uses themes in his plays. For example the main themes in Romeo and Juliet would be love and fate. Most people have at least perceive of Romeo and Juliet and know it is a love story. Women and girls think Romeo is the perfect man or husband, so today girls are looking for their Romeo. In Romeo and Juliet fate comely would not let them be together. There were problems arising all through the play with the fighting families and the tragic cobblers lasts of Romeo and Juliet. We knew there were going to be problems or death in the beginning when they say A pair of star-crossed lovers take their spiritedness (Glencoe McGraw-Hill).