Explain the principle psychological perspective Essay

BehaviouristA linear perspective subject matter a way of seeing things. Behaviourist is the first access code in this criterion. Behaviourist is the study of world minds, they study behavior. The behaviourist sees the caput as a black box, this is because as they study animals it is easy to experiment, and they hark back that homo and animals argon similar. The behaviourist takeed to draw scientist, which is why they carried start the experiment. Although JB Watson (1887) was the founder of this theorizer he studied the work of Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov did an experiment once on a heel. The dog salivated every term Pavlov came to the lab with the food. The dog then started associating the time, the bell and the brown coat. This kind of association is c whollyed classic conditioning. JB Watson besides once experimented on a little boy called Albert. JB Watson taught Albert to have headache of the rats. Albert had a livid fluffy rabbit. One day a uncontaminating rat came pass Albert, just today Albert did non seem to be frightened. JB Watson stood nates Alberts back with metals. Every time the rat went pass JB banged the metals and Albert was startled, JB did this mate of times until Albert was sc ared of the rat, however Albert was not only scared of the white rat, it was also scared of his white fluffy rabbit as them to animals has the analogous colour. BF Skinner was also another behaviourist theoriser, he did an experiment on a rat in a cage, he put many food on the food pallet for the rat, the rat accidently put its peck on the lever and food came out. So the rat did this few time and knew that if the rat puts the foot on the lever food would come out, this symbol of experiment was positive reinforcement. On the opposite Skinner experimented on the negatively charged reinforcement. Skinner investigated this by giving the rat a small voltaic shock whenever it pressed the lever. The consequence of lever pressing was experien ced as unpleasant, so the rat learnt to stop pressing the lever.Psycho dynamicFreud ( 1856-1939) and Erikson(1902-194) are two men who came up with the psycho dynamic theory. Freud said that we mankinds are like animals driven by basic biological natures. He came up with the psyche theme. He said that the psyche idea had leash phases, ID means the basic animal instinct, for example, eating sleeping and reproducing, SUPER self means morality and EGO means reality and logic. It is said that Freud was the early thinkers to bring public attention the idea that us humans are not always aware of near aspects in our lives. He believed that we hush up up memories that we do not want to remember or tincture that we do not want to expose somewhere in our brains. He referred consciousness to a tip of an iceberg. He referred pre consciousness at the eye of the ice berg and he also referred unconsciousness as at the bottom of the iceberg. He also came up with defence appliances. He kn ew that when tidy sum do not want to remember things, they want to deny it. This mechanism has five degrees. Denial is when a individual reject the thought or feeling, repression is when we push down the bad memories to the unconsciousness however it could leak at some points. Projection is when a someone pushes the favorable unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else. Rationalisation means making excuses and lastly sublimation is putting all the energies onto something else. Freud also came up with the early experience he came up with this idea which has five stages. Oral means mouth, anal means anus, phallic is a Latin word for penis, latent which means resting and genital which means cloistered parts. Erikson agrees with Freud however he thought that this continues throughout our life time and were basically social in nature.Social Learning TheoryThe theorist of social learning theory is bandura. He is said to be sympathetic towards behaviourist. Although bandura do es not criticize, he tells the behaviourist to build up to it. Bandura agrees with the positive reinforcement. Albert bandura said that slant takes place in social situations, such as in the family or with friends and other hatful. How Skinner came up with positive reinforcement, Albert came up with vicarious reinforcement, this means when people observe and get affected. For example, Barbara is good to her mother and the father praises her, her infant is observing it but she gets affected by how she is getting treated by her parents, Barbaras sister was vicariously reinforced. The other idea bandura came up with was eccentric model and modelling. The people we learn from are our role model but the process of imitating the individual is called modelling. Modelling has five stages, attention, which is when a somebody is attracted to a celebrity or a person they really like. Retention is when the person is keeping the likeness inside them, reproduction is when he person copies th e behaviour, need is when the person is tempted to do what the celebrity does and lastly self efficacy is when the person is confident in one area. It is said that we do not replicate all behaviour we observe and remember.HumanisticThis glide path has been found by two theorist called Carl Rogers (1902-1987) and Abraham Maslow. Carl Rogers (1902-1087) theory is establish on clinic and it is also based on the years he has been dealing with different clients with different problems. Rogers sees people as good and he thinks that good mental health is a natural progression of human bring forthment. This quote shows that he is stating that human being instinctively know what is bad and what is not. Rogers came up with an idea of an realization theory. This is the natural motivation that every human being has. For example, we as human beings try to do very risky things, such as evanescent to the moon. Some of our hobbies is to create music and paint pictures, we do all because we wa nt to be the best we tummy, achieve and become successful in the future. He also came up with the idea of un qualified positive regard he said that this is when people like you, because of who you are regardless of your performances and conformity. The opposite of this is conditional positive regard, which simply explains when someone likes you if their expectations are fulfilled. In other words, Rogers believed that some of the people feel wanted and belonged when they fulfilled other peoples expectations and that is when they develop conditional self regard.Cognitive ApproachCognitive approach is found by three theorist, Jean Piaget, Kelly and beck/Ellis. With the invention of computers and other help brain activities was like the operation of a computer. Loads of researches have been habituated to understand the process of cognitive, such as attention, memory information bear on and problem solving. Jean Piaget came up with an idea related to how people develop throughout the ir lives. He came to a conclusion that cognition develops through a series of stages. There are four stages that Piaget has mentioned in the theory. The first stage is called the sensory motor, it means that babies from 0 to 2 are experiencing through motor and the sense. stage 2 is the pre operational, this is when children from 2 to 7 develop languages along with the memory, stage 3 is the concrete operational which means that the child can now understand conservations but cannot solve problems yet. The last stage is the formal stage, this is when the children can abstract thoughts and present problems of their own and other people.Biological ApproachThe theorist of this theory is called Arnold Gessel (1880-1961), Gessel came up with the idea is that people are born with a set of genes and the genes carries different personalities, so the theorist is stating that behaviour does not to do with environment and what can of people you socialise with but it is to do with the genes the person is born with. This is quite different to the humanistic approach where the effectiveness of procreation is paramount. Gessel believes that as the baby is being formed in the womb of the mother, for example, the snapper being first to form. As the child develops the genes allows to flower over the person. The theorist came up with the genetic influences on behaviour idea. He thinks that genes effect behaviour in many ways, some illnesses such as Huntingdons unhealthiness is caused by the genes caused by the parents genes or the genes from the family. This disorder will change the persons behaviour, for example, they will speak in appropriately and they will become aggressive.