Islamic Bank of Britain vs. Dubai Islamic Bank Comparison

Moslem edge of Britain vs. Dubai Muslim blaspheme parChapter 1 Introduction1.1- IntroductionThis chapter discusses the aims and objectives of the project. A comminuted supportground of the study, interrogation rationale and theoretical framework has in like manner been discussed in this chapter. At the demolition of this chapter, the report structure of this thesis is mentioned.Research Title Muslim strand of Britain vs. Dubai Moslem bound (A Comparative Study)1.2- Background of StudyMuslim lingoing is actually incompatible as opposed to established sticking, as it works on the principles of Islam and Sharia which entails avoiding interest and gives more preference to invest in a product margin and in communion of advantage and dismissal.There atomic number 18 some(prenominal) Muslim regards all over the world and all of them operate on the Sharia principles, however some progress to profit and some even off to loss and a prime example of this is the Muslim Bank of Britain.The Muslim wedge of Britain was founded in 2004 by a group of Middle atomic number 99 investors. This was the front Moslem Bank in the joined Kingdom. The human bodyation of this vernacular was ground on the simple foundation of Sharia conduct with classifiable products and values, however the brink beneathperformed, more so than anticipated. Losses were evident from the world of its fear in the United Kingdom. Moreover, according to Financial cadences and its 2008 income statement, a loss of was highlighting, displaying major(ip) ca riding habit for concern.On the other hand, the Dubai Moslem Bank which was founded in UAE by Arabic investors and also adheres to Sharia principles has reported e rattling quarter profit of US$ 122.5 million. This then raises the questions as to why Moslem Bank of Britain has been unable to attract the customers and what atomic number 18 the main factors causing losses for the imprecate every year.1.3- Researc h AimThe aim of conducting this query is to discover the factors and ca using ups worrying Islamic jargoning in United Kingdom as one of the major Islamic intrust has accumulated losses for a con locationrable graspment of age, although its entrepreneurs atomic number 18 from the Gulf where Islamic banking has been growing and prospering. Moreover the rules of Sharia habituate whether the Islamic Bank is in the UK or in UAE.After denudation the at a lower placelying ca wasting diseases of the Islamic bankings plight in the United Kingdom recommendations give be drawn up to rectify the situation and highlight how improvements send away be do. Circumstances exit further be examined in form of comparisons between the United Kingdom and the UAE Islamic banks.1.4- Research ObjectivesThe objectives of this research atomic number 18 as followsTo investigate the performance of Islamic banks in UK and UAETo explore the reasons that rival the performance of Islamic BanksTo st udy the investiture portfolio of Islamic Banks in UK and UAETo die the impact of lay on the lines on the performance of Islamic Banks in UK and UAE1.5- Research principleIslamic banking is a relatively new topic in the monetary sector and especially in UK where the first Islamic bank sucked its calling only in 2004. Though Islamic banks argon quite self-made across the globe, the first Islamic bank established in UK has non been able to gain getifi shagt success in the past 5 years. There is menstruationly insufficient research conducted in regards to the performance of Islamic banks in the UK. This fact compels one to investigate this issue in localize to gain some strong knowledge active the topic.1.6- Theoretical manakinThis research was designed in a structured format. Initially, a lucubrate study of literature was conducted. The innovation of this literature re meet was to gain an brain wave in regards to Islamic banking functioning across the globe. After rev iewing the relevant literature, assessments were made as to how diametrical Islamic banks improve their performance by conniving their coronation policies and how several(predicate) pillow slip of stakes throne affect the performance of Islamic banks. This assisted in the analysis of some(prenominal)(prenominal) Dubai Islamic Bank and Islamic Bank of Britain, which further assisted in arriving at a cobblers last to chink the reasons of poor performance of Islamic Bank of Britain.1.7- Structure of thesisChapter 2 provides a review from literature which has been distributed into three elements. The first section describes the pipeline of banking and the main purpose of beginning the banking. Second section explains ab aside Islamic banking and its main functions.Chapter 3 discusses the received business operations of some(prenominal) the banks. I be in possession of given a detailed interpretation of where both the banks invest their assets and how do they extingu ish the jeopardizes. The purpose of this chapter is to find come on how distinguishable investment and guess doment techniques answer the Islamic banks to give bump performance.Chapter 4 highlights the methodology used in this thesis. A detailed comment of the research methods used in thesis has been given in this chapter. every the sources of data used in this thesis crap been explained in lucubrate and at the end of this chapter I make given a detailed definition of different cyphering ratios used in this thesis. In this chapter, I have given a detailed description ab step forward the research methods used in this thesis.Chapter 5 comprises of different monetary calculations. I have calculated various financial ratios for both the banks in order to do a side by side comparison to find out the reasons of poor performance of Islamic Bank of Britain.Chapter 6 includes a side by side comparison of the financial ratios of both the banks calculated in chapter 5. In addit ion to this, regression analysis has been given between current take a chance ratios and profitability ratios to find out the impact of fortune levels on returns. The possible reasons of poor performance of Islamic Bank of Britain in line with literature review and results in chapter 3 have also been discussed in this chapter.Chapter 7 discusses the conclusion of this thesis. All the research questions have been answered in an permit manner in line with the literature review and the results discussed in chapter 3, 5 6. At the end of this chapter, I have discussed some(prenominal) limitations of this research work.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1- IntroductionThis chapter provides a review from literature. It has been distributed into three sections. The first section describes about origin of banking and the main purpose of hold uping the banking. The indorsement section explains Islamic banking and its main functions. Lastly the third section explains the origin of Islamic ba nking in Dubai and United Kingdom.2.2- History of BankingThe origins of banking are believed to have started subsequently coinage, in the area between river Tigris and river Euphrates. People could keep their belongings safely in royal palaces and holy places. Within same period, some laws were positive and these laws are considered to be one of the earliest forms of laws (Glyn, 2002).2.3- Banking personal deferred payment lineA business that provides financial serve to different customers and businesses is called as banking. A detailed translation of banking business shadower be a financial institution that accepts, collects, transfers, gifts, safeguards or lends capital for its customers (Sobczak, 1997, pp 6).2.4- Islamic BankingA financial institution that operates under the principles of Islamic shariah law and it does non accept or pay out every interest (riba) is called an Islamic bank (Sadeque, 1980). Islamic banking is based on the inclination of sharing profit and losses. Both the investor and the bank share any scratch and losses as hold at the date of initiative the account (Venardos, 2006, pp 1).2.5- History of Islamic BankingA few decades ago, constituted banks and other financial organisations were not providing the customers with any sharia compliant operate. This led to the necessity of starting much(prenominal) a financial institution that could provide the Muslim clients with the Shariah compliant services. The original Islamic bank initiated business in 1963. During the subsequently years of 1970s, the Association of Islamic banks was established. Initially, Islamic banks were only operating in Islamic countries. In 1980, the first Islamic bank was kick in in a non-Islamic country and it further expanded into special European and Ameri piece of tail countries. Within this unequal span of time, Islamic banks have progressed very hearty all over the world (Venardos, 2005, pp 65).2.6- serve offered by Islamic BanksIsl amic banks offer a range of services to their customers. A detailed description of these services is explained below.2.5.1- Deposit AccountsIslamic banks offer three instances of deposit accounts current, savings and investment accounts. The customers are assured that they can withdraw their money on demand if concur by both parties at the time of beginning the account. In Islamic banking, demand deposits are places in a repress called Wadiah (trust). Islamic banks guarantee their customers to return their principal sum on demand. The banks cannot use this principal sum unless authorised by the customers. As the banks do not use this make outity for their investments they do not pay thorn any profits on such(prenominal) accounts. Some banks offer some returns in the form of Hibah (gift). Islamic banks are using some innovative techniques for religious oblation different products and most of the demand deposit accounts are structured at heart the contract of Mudharabah (Sae ed, 1996, pp 101).2.5.2- Current AccountsCurrent or demand deposit accounts are the same as those of conventional banks. Islamic banks guarantee the principal amount on demand (Hassan and Lewis, 2007, pp 131).2.5.3- Saving AccountsSaving accounts are different from conventional banks in Islamic banking. In some Islamic banks, the depositors authorise the banks to use their deposited money, however they are guaranteed that they will be returned the full amount back from the bank. No profit is guaranteed in this sort of accounts. The banks usually use these deposits for short term projects (Al-Omar and Abdel-Haq, 1996, pp 51).2.5.4- Investment AccountsIslamic banks accept the investment deposits for a stock-still or unlimited time period. The investors agree at the time of opening the account to share any profit and loss at an agreed proportion. The banks do not guarantee to return the principal amount. Usually, the investment deposits have an expect maturity and expected rate of ret urns. Such investments are places under Mudharabah contract in which both the depositor and the bank agree at a ratio to share any profits or losses. This type of investment is totally different from conventional banks as there is no find of losing any thing in those investments (Iqbal and Lle heartyyn, 2002, pp 198).2.7- Financing modes in Islamic Banking dissimilar banks use different modes to acquire assets and finance different projects. These modes can be distributed into three different areas namely investment, flip and lending services.2.6.1- Investment financeKhan (2009) formulates that Islamic banks can do investment backing in three different ways. First type of investment financing is called as Musharaka. In this type of investment financing, the bank can join another(prenominal) organisation or entity to open a joint judge. Both the parties go in in this venture in different roles. Both the parties agree on a set ratio of sharing any loss or profit beforehand maki ng such a venture. This type of venture is an independent entity and the bank can withdraw from this venture after an sign period. Second type of investment financing is called as Mudarabha in which the bank finances the projects and the clients provide with their expertise, labour and prudence. Both the parties i.e. bank and the clients share the profit but in side of any losses, its only the bank that will bear the losses. In third type of investment financing, the banks finance on the basis of an expected rate of return. If the profits are more than the expected rate of return, the bank shares it with the clients but if the returns are lower than the expected rate, the bank will accept the lower rates. In case of any losses, the bank will share it (Khan, 2009).2.6.2- Trade FinanceKhan (2009) says that Islamic banks can do trade financing in different ways. The most plebeian type of trade financing is called as Mark-up in which the bank buys an situation for its client and th e client agrees to pay back the bank the price and the agreed profit at subsequently stage. In second type of trade financing, the bank buys an item for the client and then leases it to client for an agreed time period. At the end of the lease, the client pays the balance amount to the bank and becomes the possessor of the item. Another type of trade financing is called as hire-purchase in which, the bank buys an item for its client and then hires it to the client for an agreed time period. At the end of this time period, the client becomes the owner automatically. Another type of trade finance in Islamic banking is called as sell-and-buy-back in which a client sells his space to the bank for an agreed time period at a condition that the client will buy back the property at an agreed rate.2.6.3- Trade FinanceKhan (2009) says that Islamic banks have different types of lending services including loans, no-cost-loans and overdrafts. Islamic banks offer the loans by charging the serv ice charge. The bank does not charge any interest but they fall in service charges to cover their expenses. Some Islamic banks offer the loans to needy multitude at no costs. Some Islamic banks also offer the overdraft services to the customers subject to some limits. The banks charge a certain amount if the customers indicate high overdraft limits.2.6.4- Miscellaneous ServicesIslamic banks offer additional services such as collecting the bills on behalf of different organisations, money transfers, traffic foreign currency etc. Some banks charge a fit amount if their own money is not involved in such transactions.2.8- happens in Islamic BankingKhan (2003, pp 130-131) says that Islamic banking faces certain risks like conventional banking. The character of these risks varies with the structure of the bank. As discussed earlier, Islamic banks usually operate under two different kinds of models. First type of model is known as the two tier Mudarabah model. This type of model ope rates under the principle of sharing both the profits and losses. The latter model is known as the sensation tier Mudarabah model. In this type of model, both the parties share the profit serious on the liabilities side. Lewis and Hassan (2007, pp 144) say that Islamic banks have to follow certain rules based on Islamic Shariah. Both the authors believe that in this kind of situation, the nature of risk changes for Islamic banks and only a careful management of these risks can result in the better performance of the bank. Islamic banks face pastime risksOperational RisksCredit RisksLiquidity RisksWithdrawal RisksLegal Risks2.7.1- Operational RisksEl-Hawary (2005, pp 21) says that this type of risk is caused when the heap running(a) for the bank fail to perform their duties suitably or the systems used by the bank staff fail. Most of the time, this risk is caused out-of-pocket to the employees of the bank or any frauds. El-Hawary (2005, pp 21,22) has quoted the example of Duba i Islamic bank when the bank suffered huge losses due to an incompetent person during the later years of 1990s. Iqbal et al (1998) considers that the Islamic banks face more operational risk than conventional banks as a minor problem in information marching system systems can cost them too much.2.7.2- Credit RiskSundrarajan and Errico (2002, pp 5) believe that Islamic banks administer the profit loss accounts differently from conventional banks. Islamic banks determine the profit and loss ratios of different projects before the start of any system. On the basis of this expectation, Islamic banks set a share ratio that sometimes can cause them losses. In addition to this, Islamic banks carry on auditing the financial projects. In such situations, it becomes very difficult for the banks to standardise their financial products. Cihak and Hesse (2008, pp 5) believe that in PLS ( scratch and loss sharing) accounts, the banks suffer losses as healthful if the profits are lower or the project ends in a loss. They believe that this is due to the reduced level of assets in the balance sheet. Sundrarajan and Errico (2002, pp 5) believe that in Mudarabah accounts, the banks can only share the profits but if the business ends up in loss, it becomes very difficult for the bank to recover the loans back due to some efficacious complications as the Mudarabah accounts do not go away the Islamic banks to interfere in the business. On the other hand, in the case of Musharaka account, Islamic banks can monitor the financed projects and it reduces the risk levels significantly.2.7.3- Legal RiskHaiwad (2008) says that Islamic banks have different kind of legal documents. He considers that due to exigency of Islamic accounts to be Shariah compliant, the banks need to prepare a involved set of legal documents. In addition to this, the banks need to consider the local laws of the country as well before making any legal documents. Sometimes, it is very complicated to bust the legal documents that comply with both the Shariah law and the local law of the country. It ultimately increments the legal risk levels in the Islamic banks.2.7.4- Liquidity RiskAburime (2009) says that Islamic banks face the runny risk when the banks fail to sell their fixed assets at the desired rates. The banks usually develop the need to sell their fixed assets to meet their liabilities. This risk is increase due to the fact that Islamic banks do not accept any loans on interest so the Islamic banks are unable to come out of this situation by taking loans from other banks. Aburime (2009) considers that this risk is dependent on the economy of the country. The destabilisation of economy increases liquidity risk.2.7.5- Withdrawal RiskAburime (2009) says that sometimes, Islamic banks do not provide the customers with handsome amount of profits and it can lead to the customers withdrawing their money from the bank. In such situations, withdrawal risk is increase significantly. Ab urime (2009) believes that this risk is more in Islamic banks as compared to the conventional banks.2.9- Do Risk Levels affect Performance?Mencia (2009) says that a business can bring forth more money if there is greater risk at the start of the business provided the risks are managed appropriately. Kunt et al. (2009) says that those banks that generate income without any interests are at greater risks and can give better returns as compared to those that generate interest money. Haque and Mirakhor (2006) say that in Islamic banks, customers are at greater risk to neglect their money and the banks are at lesser risk as Islamic banks do not guarantee any return at the time of account opening and in few accounts both profit and loss are shared. This fact can deter customers, leading them to invest their money in those banks where they do not have any risk to fall back their money.Shim et al. (2000, pp 176, 177) has suggested that the extent of financing the business by dint of debt s is a useful power of risk levels in the business. They believe that if a business is financed more through debts, it is at higher(prenominal) risk. Helfert (2001, pp 128) has also same beliefs as that of Shim et al. (2000, pp 176, 177). He considers that financing the business through debts increases risks but at the same time it increases the luck of better returns as well.Falkenstein (2009) conducted research to explore the effects of risk levels on the returns of different businesses. His research results showed that the businesses that used more debts to finance their assets were at higher risk as compared to those that did not finance their assets through debts. The businesses that were at higher risk and that managed their risks appropriately produced better returns than those that were at lower risks.2.10- Effective Risk forethought in Islamic BanksManagement of different types of risks is very different from conventional banks and due to some restrictions of Shariah laws it is very difficult to manage these risks. Effective credit risk management is a very building complex surgical operation in Islamic banks as there is no consent of paying or receiving any interest. In addition to this, Sharias law does not allow to penalise the clients and this facility in Islamic banks is misused by some clients. In such situations, there are long delays in paying back the principal amount and it reduces the assets of the bank. Most of the Islamic banks use collaterals and take pledges from their clients. The best way to avoid the misuse of the facilities provides by Islamic banks, the banks can take more collateral before the start of different contracts. In addition to this, if the banks take personal guarantees before sanctioning the loans, it can armed service in reducing credit risk as well (Hawray et al., 2004).Shariah law forbids dealing harshly with those people that are in bad financial crisis. This facility can be misused by the clients. This issue c osts the Islamic banks and it should be taken seriously. A umbrella system to credit score for each one client before offering them the loan can make a huge difference. Furthermore, the banks should take on the clients to sign on possible enforcement as within Islamic law a person can be enforced if he has signed before the start of the contract. In addition to this, Islamic banks working in United Kingdom can think about legal actions against those that were unable to pay back the loans (Wilson, 2007).The nature of legal risks is very different in Islamic banks as compared to conventional banks as Islamic banks have to fulfil the requirements of both Shariah laws and local laws of the country they operate in. This makes the Islamic banking operations very complicated and legal risks are increased. The best way to come out of such situations is to make sure that prior to writing the contracts, requirements of local legislations are fulfilled as well. This can aid the banks in dev eloping approximate knowledge about the possible ways of enforcement if a client fails to punish his loan. In Sharia law it is allowed to enforce those clients that file false claims. baby buggy this fact in mind, Islamic banks should consider including this in the contracts. This will dish up oneself the Islamic banks to reduce legal, liquidity and withdrawal risk as people will not attempt to misuse the lenient system (Djojosugito, 2008).2.11- diversification in Islamic BanksThe banks that provide diverse financial services or spreadinging different risks into different geographic areas are likely to achieve improved diversification. In the case of Islamic banks, geographical diversification helps in breaking the banks concentration in limited areas and the bank usually gets skilful borrowers. (Greuning and Iqbal, 2008, p 264).Islamic banks mostly deal in the real dry land business and most of these banks start their business from their regions and carry on working in tha t region. The real the three estates business has suffered huge losses in the past few years due to the effects of recession and interest rate variations across the globe. Due to this fact the investments in real estate have not proved very fruitful for such organisations. In order to gain good profits, Islamic banks need to diversify into different sectors and geographic areas as it will diversify the investments and the risks can be spread across different areas where the banks can get good borrowers and good investment opportunities (Islamic Investment Banking, 2009).There are different sectors that can prove ripe for Islamic banks. The most important sector for diversification in Islamic banks is Insurance (Takaful). This sector is highly under positive even in big Islamic countries such as Malaysia where this sector is not developed much. Concentrating on this sector can prove very beneficial for Islamic banks (Thomas, KPMG.COM).Expansion of Islamic banks across different co untries can prove to be very beneficial for them. Currently, Islamic banks are working in a lot of countries but their business size is very small. If these banks diversify into different zones of the world, it is inevitable to attain benefits. Furthermore, Islamic banks can consider to make strategic alliances with those conventional banks that wish to start Islamic banking as it will not only increase the size of Islamic banks but will help in obtaining a diverse work force as well. Finally, Islamic banks can get diverse competent staff that can help in improving different systems and it will ultimately result in reduced operational risks (Iqbal et al., 1998).Making of strategic alliances with other banks that wish to start Islamic banking will also help in reducing the liquidity risk. Making strategic alliances will help Islamic banks to increase their assets and the current assets level of Islamic banks will increase. This will help the Islamic banks to pay current liabilities a nd liquidity will be improved. Furthermore, strategic alliances will increase peoples trust in Islamic banks and the level of investments will be increased that will ultimately increase current assets and better liquidity of the banks (Iqbal et al., 1998).Chapter 3 Business Cases3.1- IntroductionThis chapter will provide an overview of the current business operations of both the banks. Detailed descriptions of where both the banks invest their assets and how they manage the risks will follow. The purpose of this chapter is to find out how different investment and risk management techniques help the Islamic banks to give better performance.3.2- Islamic Bank of BritainIslamic Bank of Britain started its business in UK in September 2004. This bank is the first Islamic Bank that started its business in UK. The bank is approved by FSA (Financial Services Authority).3.2.1- ShareholdersThe bank has 10 major shareholders holding different levels of share in the bank. The biggest shareholder of the bank is Al Amal Investment and Trading that holds 52% of the total shares of the bank. IIB European Investment Company is the second major shareholder of the bank and it holds 10% shares of the bank. BNP Paribas Bahrain holds 8% of the shares Mr. Al Rajhi holds 7% of the shares. The remaining 23% shares are owned by 6 other shareholders.3.2.2- InvestmentsThe bank comprises of a bill of fare of directors and it is their responsibility to decide upon the investments. Most of the time, the bank invests its money in buy different properties, costly metals, different currencies etc. The bank mostly concentrates in buying the properties in United Kingdom. The board of directors decides all these matters in such a way that can be beneficial for its investors.3.2.3- Services offered by the BankThe bank offers three main types of services to its clientsPersonalBusiness postmortem examination3.2.3-1. Personal ServicesIn personal services, the bank offers current accounts, saving acc ounts and blank space purchase plans to its customers. In addition to this, the bank also offers personal finance to its customers.3.2.3-2. Business ServicesIn business services, the bank offers its clients business current, business savings, business finance, charity accounts and commercial property finance.3.2.3-3. Premier ServicesThe bank offers this service to those clients that are highly paid (at least 100,000 per annum) and to those who can deposit more than 75,000 in their account with a view to purchasing property in the UK that is worth more than 250,000.3.2.4- Risk Management in the BankIslamic Bank of Britain manages its risks in a doctrinal way. Board of directors has the responsibility of managing the risks with the help of some committees assisting them. They have some create verbally policies to manage the risks that are reviewed on a continuous basis by an audit committee that is responsible to measure the risk levels and start the risk management after a certai n risk threshold. The bank faces credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk and operational risk. A brief description of risk management is given below.3.2.4-1. Credit Risk ManagementThe bank has a dictatorial approach to manage the credit risk. To manage this risk certain producures are put into place such as the followersThe bank makes credit policiesThe bank sets credit limits after assessing the profile of each borrowerCredit risk assessment before start of agreementCollaterals for a few loans but in most accounts the bank does not ask for any collateral3.2.4-2. Liquidity Risk ManagementThe treasury incision of Islamic Bank of Britain is responsible to manage liquidity risk. The bank uses succeeding(a) steps to manage liquidity riskThe treasury department maintains a portfolio of short term assets that can be liquefied. Comparison of liquid assets with asset maturity against any customer depositsSubmission of any mismatches in liquid assets and asset maturity to financial serv ices authority on quarterly basis3.2.4-3. Market Risk ManagementThe bank has a positive approach to manage the market risk. To manage risks, the following procedures are adhered toProfit rates for few accounts are agreed at the time of agreement start. Maturity profiles are constantly reviewed.Rates are agreed on a monthly basis for consumer finance transactions.Long term home purchase plans and commercial property finance are benchmarked against market measure. summons is assessed every six months.Profit rates on Mudaraba account are reviewed every month.3.2.4-4. Operational Risk ManagementThe bank has a systematic approach to manage the market risk. The board of directors of the bank is responsible to manage the operational risks. There are some risk committees that manage this risk under the guideline of the board of directors. The purpose of operational risk management is to implement such a system that can support the process efficiency and meeting the customer needs. To man age this risk the following procedure is respectedThe bank aims to manage this risk by cutting complicate the costs on certain things.Getting reports from risk committees over regular periods of time3.3- Dubai Islamic BankDubai Islamic Bank was formed in 1975 and is considered to be the first fully-fledged Islamic Bank in the world. The bank uses the latest innovative technology in its day-to-day operations. The bank is considered to be the unchallenged leader in the field of Islamic banking and sets its examples for new starters in Islamic banking. A lot of Islamic banks in the world including Arab countries follow Dubai Islamic Bank to start and run their day-to-day operations (http//www.alislami.ae/en/index.htm).3.3.1- ShareholdersThe authorities of Dubai is the major shareholder of the bank and other shares are held by additional stakeholders in Dubai.3.3.2- InvestmentsThe bank invests its money all over the world and is open to any businesses that require financing through the bank. The bank invests in properties, c