Automation in Daily Life Essay

mechanization is the workout of machines, control forms and information technologies to optimize productivity in the issue of goods and deliin truth of services. The correct incentive for applying mechanisation is to attach productivity, and/or musical note beyond that attainable with current merciful labor aims so as to echtize economies of scale, and/or realize predictable quality directs. In the scope of industrialisation, mechanization is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provides homosexual operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular waitments of work, automation greatly decreases the get for human arresting and mental requirements while increasing load capacity, speed, and repeatability. Automation plays an increasingly distinguished role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automation has had a notable impact in a wide crease of industries beyond manufacturing (where it began).Once-ubiquitous think operators suffer been replaced bombasticly by machine-controlled telephone bewilderboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues ar carried out at much greater speed and accuracy by alter agreements. modify teller machines have diluted the need for brink visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation has been amenable for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.1 The term automation, inspired by the earlier record book automatic (coming from automaton), was not widely spendd before 1947, when General Motors establish the automation de bankruptment. At that prison term automation technologies were electrical, mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic. Between 1957 and 1964 manufactory output nearly doubled while the number of blue seize workers started to decline.2 Advantages an d disadvantages* Install automation where a high degree of accuracy is required. * switch human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or categoric work.3 * Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes, atomic facilities, underwater, etc.) * Performing tasks that atomic number 18 beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance, etc. * Economy melioration Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or most of humanity. For pillow slip, when an enterprise invests in automation, technology recoers its investment or when a state or country increases its income due to automation like Ger some(prenominal) or Japan in the 20th Century. * Reduces operation beat and work discussion time significantly. * Frees up workers to take on other roles.* Provides higher level jobs in the exploitation, deployment, maintenance and running of the automatised processes. The main disadvantages of automation be * Security Th reats/Vulnerability An change system may have a limited level of intelligence, and is on that pointfore more susceptible to committing errors outside of its fast scope of k straightledge (e.g., it is typically unable to apply the rules of simple system of logic to general propositions). * Unpredictable/excessive phylogenesis make ups The research and development cost of automating a process may exceed the cost deliver by the automation itself. * High initial cost The automation of a new product or plant typically requires a very large initial investment in comparison with the unit cost of the product, although the cost of automation may be spread among many products and oer time. In manufacturing, the purpose of automation has shifted to issues brouteer than productivity, cost, and time. Reliability and precisionThe old focus on using automation simply to increase productivity and reduce be was seen to be short-sighted, because it is also necessary to provide a sure-hand ed workforce who can make repairs and manage the machinery. Moreover, the initial costs of automation were high and often could not be recovered by the time entirely new manufacturing processes replaced the old. (Japans robot junkyards were once world notable in the manufacturing application.) Automation is now often applied primarily to increase quality in the manufacturing process, where automation can increase quality substantially. For example, interior combustion engine pistons used to be installed manually. This is rapidly being transitioned to automatize machine installation, because the error rate for manual installment was around 1-1.5%, nevertheless has been reduced to 0.00001% with automation.citation needed Lights out manufacturingMain article Lights out (manufacturing)Lights out manufacturing is when a production system is 100% or near to 100% automated (not hiring any workers). In order to eliminate the need for labor costs all together. Health and environmentThe costs of automation to the environment be different depending on the technology, product or engine automated. There ar automated engines that consume more energy resources from the Earth in comparison with previous engines and those that do the opposite too. Hazardous operations, such as embrocate refining, the manufacturing of industrial chemicals, and all forms of metal working, were always early contenders for automation. Convertibility and turnaround timeAnother major shift in automation is the increase enquire for flexibility and convertibility in manufacturing processes. Manufacturers are increasingly demanding the ability to easily switch from manufacturing Product A to manufacturing Product B without having to completely rebuild the production lines. Flexibility and distributed processes have led to the introduction of automatize Guided Vehicles with indispensable Features Navigation. Digital electronics helped too. Former analogue-based instrumentation was replaced by digital equivalents which can be more accurate and flexible, and offer greater scope for more innovative configuration, parametrization and operation.This was accompanied by the fieldbus revolution which provided a networked (i.e. a single cable) delegacy of communicating between control systems and field level instrumentation, eliminating hard-wiring. Discrete manufacturing plants adoptive these technologies fast. The more conservative process industries with their longer plant life cycles have been slower to adopt and analogue-based measurement and control still dominates. The growing use of Industrial Ethernet on the factory floor is pushing these trends still further, enabling manufacturing plants to be integrated more tightly within the enterprise, via the internet if necessary. spherical competition has also increased demand for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems. Automation toolsEngineers can now have numerical control over automated devices. The result has been a rapi dly expanding range of applications and human activities. Computer-aided technologies (or CAx) now serve the basis for numerical and organizational tools used to create mazy systems. Notable examples of CAx involve Computer-aided rule (CAD software) and Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM software). The better design, analysis, and manufacture of products enabled by CAx has been beneficial for industry.4 Information technology, together with industrial machinery and processes, can assist in the design, implementation, and monitoring of control systems. One example of an industrial control system is a course of instructionmable logic controller (PLC). PLCs are specialized hardened estimators which are frequently used to synchronize the settle of inputs from (physical) sensors and until nowts with the flow of outputs to actuators and events.5An automated online assistant on a website, with an avatar for deepen humancomputer interaction. Human-machine interfaces (HMI) or computer human interfaces (CHI), formerly cognize as man-machine interfaces, are usually employed to communicate with PLCs and other computers. supporter personnel who monitor and control through HMIs can be called by different names. In industrial process and manufacturing environments, they are called operators or something similar. In boiler houses and central utilities de adjournments they are called stationary engineers.6 Different types of automation tools pull round* ANN Artificial neural network* BPM Bonita Open Solution* DCS Distributed comptroller System* HMI Human Machine Interface* SCADA Supervisory Control and info Acquisition* PLC Programmable Logic Controller* PAC Programmable automation controller* instrumentation* Motion control* RoboticsLimitations to automation* Current technology is unable to automate all the desired tasks. * As a process becomes increasingly automated, at that place is less and less labor to be saved or quality improvement to be gained. Thi s is an example of both diminishing returns and the logistic function. * alike(p) to the above, as more and more processes become automated, there are fewer remaining non-automated processes. This is an example of exhaustion of opportunities. Current limitationsMany roles for humans in industrial processes presently lie beyond the scope of automation. Human-level pattern recognition, lecture comprehension, and language production ability are well beyond the capabilities of raw mechanical and computer systems. Tasks requiring subjective assessment or synthesis of complex sensory data, such as scents and sounds, as well as high-altitude tasks such as strategic planning, currently require human expertise. In many cases, the use of humans is more cost-effective than mechanical approaches even where automation of industrial tasks is possible. Overcoming these obstacles is a theorized path to post-scarcity economics. ApplicationsFood and drinkmachine-controlled restaurantThe food reta il industry has started to apply automation to the rescript process, McDonalds has introduced touch screen ordering and payment systems in many of its restaurants, reducing the need for as many cashier employees.7 University of Texas has introduced in full automated cafe retail locations.8 Some Cafes and restaurants have utilise mobile and tablet apps to make the ordering process more efficacious by customers ordering and paying on their device.910 Some restaurants have automated food delivery to customers tables using a Conveyor belt system. The use of robots is sometimes employed to replace waiting staff.11StoresMany Supermarkets and even small stores are rapidly introducing Self curb systems reducing the need for employing checkout workers. Online shopping could be considered a form of automated retail as the payment and checkout are through an automated Online transaction touch on system. Other forms of automation can also be an integral part of online shopping, for examp le the deployment of automated warehouse robotics such as that applied by Amazon using Kiva Systems.Automated miningMain article Automated mining involves the removal of human labor from the mining process.12 The mining industry is currently in the transition towards Automation. Currently it can still require a large amount of human enceinte, particularly in the trinity world where labor costs are low so there is less incentive for increasing efficiency through automation.Automated photograph controlThe Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started the research and development of automated visual surveillance and monitoring (VSAM) program, between 1997 and 1999, and airborne idiot box surveillance (AVS) programs, from 1998 to 2002. Currently, there is a major effort underway in the vision community to develop a full automated introduce surveillance system. Automated video surveillance monitors people and vehicles in real time within a busy environment. Existing aut omated surveillance systems are based on the environment they are primarily intentional to observe, i.e., indoor, outdoor or airborne, the amount of sensors that the automated system can handle and the mobility of sensor, i.e., stationary camera vs. mobile camera. The purpose of a surveillance system is to record properties and trajectories of objects in a given area, generate warnings or can designated authority in case of occurrence of particular events.13Automated thoroughfare systemsAs demands for safety and mobility have grown and technological possibilities have multiplied, hobby in automation has grown. Seeking to accelerate the development and introduction of fully automated vehicles and highways, the United States Congress authorized more than $650 million over six years for intelligent transport systems (ITS) and demonstration projects in the 1991 Intermodal climb up expatriation Efficiency Act (ISTEA). Congress legislated in ISTEA that the Secretary of Transportati on shall develop an automated highway and vehicle prototype from which future fully automated intelligent vehicle-highway systems can be developed. Such development shall include research in human factors to ensure the success of the man-machine relationship.The goal of this program is to have the first fully automated highway roadway or an automated test track in operation by 1997. This system shall accommodate installation of equipment in new and existing motor vehicles. ISTEA 1991, part B, Section 6054(b). Full automation commonly defined as requiring no control or very limited control by the driver such automation would be accomplished through a confederacy of sensor, computer, and communications systems in vehicles and along the roadway.Fully automated driving would, in theory, allow closer vehicle spacing and higher speeds, which could enhance commerce capacity in places where additional road building is physically impossible, politically unacceptable, or prohibitively expe nsive. Automated controls also might enhance road safety by reducing the opportunity for driver error, which causes a large share of motor vehicle crashes. Other potential take ins include improved air quality (as a result of more-efficient traffic flows), increased force out economy, and spin-off technologies generated during research and development related to automated highway systems.14Automated waste managementAutomated waste collection trucks prevent the need for as many workers as well as easing the level of Labor required to provide the service.15Automated manufacturingAutomated manufacturing refers to the application of automation to produce things in the factory way. Most of the advantages of the automation technology has its yield in the manufacture processes. The main advantages of automated manufacturing are higher amity and quality, reduced lead times, simplified production, reduced handling, improved work flow, and increased worker morale when a good implementatio n of theautomation is made. root word automationHome automation (also called domotics) designates an emerging practice of increased automation of household appliances and features in residential dwellings, particularly through electronic performer that allow for things impracticable, overly expensive or simply not possible in recent past decades. Industrial automationIndustrial automation deals with the optimization of energy-efficient drive systems by precise measurement and control technologies. directly energy efficiency in industrial processes are becoming more and more relevant. Semiconductor companies like Infineon Technologies are offering 8-bit micro-controller applications for example set in motion in motor controls, general purpose pumps, fans, and ebikes to reduce energy use and thus increase efficiency. One of Infineons 8-bit product line tack in industrial automation is the XC800 family. Agriculture Now that were touching towards automated orange-sorting 1 and aut onomous tractors, the next step in automated agribusiness is robotic strawberry pickers. Agent-assisted Automation refers to automation used by call pith agents to handle customer inquiries. There are two basic types backcloth automation and automated part solutions.Desktop automation refers to software schedule that makes it easier for the call center agent to work crosswise multiple desktop tools. The automation would take the information entered into one tool and populate it across the others so it did not have to be entered more than once, for example. Automated express solutions allow the agents to remain on the line while disclosures and other crucial information is provided to customers in the form of pre-recorded audio files. Specialized applications of these automated voice solutions enable the agents to process credit cards without ever seeing or hearing the credit card numbers or CVV codes16 The key benefit of agent-assisted automation is compliance and error-proof ing. Agents are sometimes not fully expert or they forget or ignore key steps in the process. The use of automation ensures that what is supposed to happen on the call rattling does, every time.Relationship to unemploymentBased on a formula by Gilles Saint-Paul, an economist at Toulouse 1 University, the demand for un dexterityed human capital declines at a slower rate than the demand for skilled human capital increases.17 In the long run and for society as a whole it has led to cheaper products, lower average work hours, and new industries forming (I.e, robotics industries, computer industries, design industries). These new industries provide many high salary skill based jobs to the economy.